Eliminar xenobióticos del patrimonio cultural:un reto para la biolimpieza
- Pilar Bosch-Roig 1
- Mercedes Sanchez Pons 1
- Patricia Sanmartín 2
- 1 Dpto. Conservación y Restauración del Patrimonio, Instituto Universitario de Restauración del Patrimonio-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia
- 2 Dpto. Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, U. de Santiago de Compostela
ISSN: 2340-7565
Year of publication: 2023
Issue Title: (especial monográfico) Tecnologías verdes aplicadas a la caracterización, diagnóstico y conservación del patrimonio cultural
Year: 31
Issue: 110
Pages: 236-250
Type: Article
More publications in: PH: Boletín del Instituto Andaluz del Patrimonio Histórico
Abstract
La biolimpieza utiliza enzimas y microorganismos vivos para eliminar sustancias indeseadas de materiales de alto valor patrimonial. En los últimos treinta años, ha mostrado avances y aplicaciones exitosas en obras de pequeño, medio y gran tamaño, y de distinta naturaleza, como esculturas en piedra, pinturas murales y lienzos, demostrando que es una interesante y útil tecnología verde, no invasiva, no tóxica y sostenible para la restauración, alternativa a métodos químicos y mecánicos tradicionales. Su validez sobre sustancias naturales inorgánicas (nitratos y sulfatos) y orgánicas (colas animales) ha quedado demostrada, mientras que frente a sustancias sintéticas (xenobióticas) su recorrido es menor e inconcluso. Tradicionalmente los xenobióticos son eliminados empleando procedimientos mecánicos y disolventes, con los consiguientes riesgos de erosión en el material original y toxicidad para el trabajador y el medio ambiente, además de con limitaciones para actuar en materiales porosos, con fisuras y grietas. Su eliminación mediante biolimpieza se presenta como la alternativa necesaria, atóxica y eco-sostenible. En este artículo revisamos el estado del arte en la biolimpieza de sustancias xenobióticas, comenzando por las que pueden ser consideradas más simples, como son las resinas sintéticas, y continuando por grafitis y bitúmenes, que añaden la complejidad de la inclusión de otros elementos, como pigmentos, extendedores y aditivos. Para a continuación presentar el proyecto recién concedido BIOXEN (PID2021-123329NA-I00), en el que las autoras son las principales responsables y con el que se pretende abordar de manera definitiva la biolimpieza de restos de materiales xenobióticos del patrimonio.
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