Main characteristics of preventive postural hygiene training programs in the educational field

  1. Carlos García-Alén Lores 1
  2. Julia María Crespo Comesaña 1
  3. Margarita R. Pino Juste 2
  1. 1 Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
    info

    Universidade de Santiago de Compostela

    Santiago de Compostela, España

    ROR https://ror.org/030eybx10

  2. 2 Universidade de Vigo
    info

    Universidade de Vigo

    Vigo, España

    ROR https://ror.org/05rdf8595

Journal:
Journal of Human Sport and Exercise: JHSE

ISSN: 1988-5202

Year of publication: 2024

Volume: 19

Issue: 2

Pages: 631-653

Type: Article

DOI: 10.55860/HZJR0H70 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openOpen access editor

More publications in: Journal of Human Sport and Exercise: JHSE

Abstract

Objective: To determine the state of the art regarding preventive training programs on postural hygiene and back health in an educational context. Introduction: The prevalence of non-specific back pain in population reaches alarming figures and its causes are largely preventable. Adequate training in postural education is necessary along students' academic career. Method: Retrospective descriptive study, using the PRISMA method. Results: 61 original articles published from 2017 to 2021 have been analysed. Discussion: Postural education programs have demonstrated their effectiveness and have provided benefits for the participating students.

Bibliographic References

  • Akbar, F., Albesharah, M., Al-Baghli, J., Bulbul, F., Mohammad, D., Qadoura, B., & Al-Taiar, A. (2019). Prevalence of low back pain among adolescents in relation to the weight of school bags. BMC Musculoskel Dis, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2398-2
  • Akbari-Chehrehbargh, Z., Tavafian, S. S., & Montazeri, A. (2020a). Effectiveness of a theory-based back care intervention on spine-related behavior among pupils: A school-based randomised controlled trial (T-bak study). BMC Public Health, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08566-z
  • Akbari-Chehrehbargh, Z., Sadat Tavafian, S., & Montazeri, A. (2020b). The back-care behavior assessment questionnaire (BABAQ) for schoolchildren: Development and psychometric evaluation. BMC Public Health, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09318-9
  • Alami, A., Tehrani, H., Lael-Monfared, E., Moghaddam, F. S., Boghsani, G. T., & Jafari, A. (2020). Ergonomic factors of school bags and their adaptation to the weight of students. Work, 65(4), 809-820. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-203133
  • Amado-Merchán, A. (2020). Higiene postural y prevención del dolor de espalda en escolares. NPunto, 3(27), 4-22.
  • Amyra-Natasha, A., Ahmad-Syukri, A., Siti-Nor-Diana, M. K., Ima-Nirwana, S., & Chin, K. (2018). The association between backpack use and low back pain among pre-university students: A pilot study. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 13(2), 205-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2017.06.005
  • Aparicio-Sarmiento, A., Rodríguez-Ferrán, O., Martínez-Romero, M. T., Cejudo, A., Santonja, F., & de Baranda, P. S. (2019). Back pain and knowledge of back care related to physical activity in 12 to 17 year old adolescents from the region of Murcia (Spain): ISQUIOS programme. Sustainability-Basel, 11(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195249
  • Assiri, A., Mahfouz, A. A., Awadalla, N. J., Abolyazid, A. Y., & Shalaby, M. (2020). Back pain and schoolbags among adolescents in abha city, southwestern saudi arabia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010005
  • Ayed, H. B., Yaich, S., Trigui, M., Hmida, M. B., Jemaa, M. B., Ammar, A., Jedidi, J., Karray, R., Feki, H., Mejdoub, Y., Kassis, M., & Damak, J. (2019). Prevalence, risk factors and outcomes of neck, shoulders and low-back pain in secondary-school children. Journal of Research in Health Sciences, 19(1).
  • Bento, T. P. F., Cornelio, G. P., Perrucini, P. D. O., Simeão, S. F. A. P., de Conti, M. H. S., & de Vitta, A. (2020). Low back pain in adolescents and association with sociodemographic factors, electronic devices, physical activity and mental health. J Pediat, 96(6), 717-724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2019.07.008
  • Blanco-Morales, M., Abuín-Porras, V., Romero-Morales, C., de la Cueva-Reguera, M., De-La-cruz-torres, B., & Rodríguez-Costa, I. (2020). Implementation of a classroom program of physiotherapy among spanish adolescents with back pain: A collaborative study. Int J Env Res Pub He, 17(13), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134806
  • Cabrera Gonzalez, A., Serrano-Dura, J., Fargueta Espert, M., & Monleon Garcia, C. (2020). Effects of postural education unit in first year of secondary school. Sportis-Scientific Technical Journal of School Sport Physical Education and Psychomotricity, 6(1), 43-60. https://doi.org/10.17979/sportis.2020.6.1.5730
  • Carrascosa, A., & Mesa, J. (2018). Barcelona longitudinal growth study 1995-2017. Endocrinologia, Diabetes y Nutricion, 65(6), 311-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endinu.2018.05.002
  • Cech, D., & Martin, S. (1995). Functional movement development across the life span. W.B. Saunders Co. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001577-199500720-00017
  • Chacón-Borrego, F., Ubago-Jimenez, J. L., La Guardia García, J. J., Ruz, R. P., & González, M. C. (2018). Educación e higiene postural en el ámbito de la Educación Física. Papel del maestro en la prevención de lesiones. Revisión sistemática. Retos, (34), 8-13. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i34.54319
  • Clark, B. C., Russ, D. W., Nakazawa, M., France, C. R., Walkowski, S., Law, T. D., Applegate, M., Mahato, N., Lietkam, S., Odenthal, J., Corcos, D., Hain, S., Sindelar, B., Ploutz-Snyder, R. J., & Thomas, J. S. (2018). A randomized control trial to determine the effectiveness and physiological effects of spinal manipulation and spinal mobilization compared to each other and a sham condition in patients with chronic low back pain: Study protocol for the RELIEF study. Contemp Clin Trials, 70, 41-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2018.05.012
  • Coenen, P., Smith, A., Paananen, M., O'Sullivan, P., Beales, D., & Straker, L. (2017). Trajectories of low back pain from adolescence to young adulthood. Arthrit Care Res, 69(3), 403-412. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.22949
  • Da Rosa, B. N., Furlanetto, T. S., Noll, M., Sedrez, J. A., Schmit, E. F. D., & Candotti, C. T. (2017). 4-year longitudinal study of the assessment of body posture, back pain, postural and life habits of schoolchildren. Motricidade, 13(4), 3-12. https://doi.org/10.6063/motricidade.9343
  • Dankhe, G. (1986). Investigación y comunicación. McGraw Hill
  • de Oliveira Saes, M., & Flores Soares, M. C. (2017). Factors associated with back pain in adolescents from public schools in one city from south brazil. Revista De Salud Publica, 19(1), 105-111. https://doi.org/10.15446/rsap.v19n1.48143
  • Dianat, I., Alipour, A., & Jafarabadi, M. A. (2017). Prevalence and risk factors of low back pain among school age children in iran. Health Promotion Perspectives, 7(4), 223-229. https://doi.org/10.15171/hpp.2017.39
  • Dos Santos, N. B., Sedrez, J. A., Candotti, C. T., & Vieira, A. (2017). Immediate and follow-up effects of a posture education program for elementary school students. Revista Paulista De Pediatria, 35(2), 199-206. https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-0462/;2017;35;2;00013
  • Dugan, J. E. (2018). Teaching the body: A systematic review of posture interventions in primary schools. Educ Rev, 70(5), 643-661. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2017.1359821
  • Dullien, S., Grifka, J., & Jansen, P. (2018). Cluster-randomized, controlled evaluation of a teacher led multi factorial school based back education program for 10 to 12-year old children. BMC Pediatr, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-018-1280-y
  • EACEA (Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency) (2013). Physical Education and Sport at School in Europe. Eurydice Report. Publications Office of the European Union.
  • Fabricant, P. D., Heath, M. R., Schachne, J. M., Doyle, S. M., Green, D. W., & Widmann, R. F. (2020). The epidemiology of back pain in american children and adolescents. Spine, 45(16), 1135-1142. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0000000000003461
  • Galozzi, P., Maghini, I., Bakdounes, L., Ferlito, E., Lazzari, V., Ermani, M., Chia M., Gatti D., Masiero S., & Punzi, L. (2019). Prevalence of low back pain and its effect on health-related quality of life in 409 scholar adolescents from the veneto region. Reumatismo, 71(3), 132-140. https://doi.org/10.4081/reumatismo.2019.1229
  • Garvick, S. J., Creecy, C., Miller, M., Schafer, L., Spooner, A., Tazewell, A. W., & Gregory, T. (2019). Evaluating low back pain in adolescents. J Am Acad Phys, 32(12), 14-20. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.JAA.0000604852.26078.91
  • Ghobadi, S., Totosy De Zepetnek, J. O., Hemmatdar, Z., Bellissimo, N., Barati, R., Ahmadnia, H., Salehi-Marzijarani, M., & Faghih, S. (2018). Association between overweight/obesity and eating habits while watching television among primary-school children in the city of Shiraz, Iran. Public Health Nutr, 21(3), 571-579. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980017003251
  • González-Gálvez, N., Vaquero-Cristóbal, R., López-Vivancos, A., Albaladejo-Saura, M., & Marcos-Pardo, P. J. (2020). Back pain related with age, anthropometric variables, sagittal spinal curvatures, hamstring extensibility, physical activity and health related quality of life in male and female high school students. Int J Env Res Pub He, 17(19), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197293
  • González-Gálvez, N., Carrasco-Poyatos, M., Vaquero-Cristóbal, R., & Marcos-Pardo, P. J. (2021). Back pain in adolescents: Associated factors with a multifactorial approach. [Dolor de espalda en adolescentes: factores asociados desde un enfoque multifactorial] Retos, 43, 81-87. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v43i0.87389
  • Hadžiomerović, A. M., Jaganjac, A., Avdić, D., Švraka, E., Pašalić, A., Kaljić, E., Domljan, D., & Omerović, E. (2018). School bags and associated back pain. Journal of Health Sciences, 8(1), 10-19. https://doi.org/10.17532/jhsci.2017.510
  • Hartvigsen, J., Hancock, M. J., Kongsted, A., Louw, Q., Ferreira, M. L., Genevay, S., Hoy, D., Karppinen, J., Pransky, G., Sieper, J., Smeets, R. J., & Underwood, M. (2018). What low back pain is and why we need to pay attention. Lancet, 391(10137), 2356-2367. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30480-X
  • Iacovelli, C., Germanotta, M., Coraci, D., Mosca, R., Vincenzi, M. T., Gilardi, A., Padua, L., & Aprile, I. (2021). Back pain in adolescents: Characteristics, quality of life, and drug self-management: A cross-sectional study of 1301 italian students. Pediatr Emerg Care, 37(11), e716-e718. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001876
  • Illeez, O. G., Akpinar, P., Ulger, F. E. B., Ozkan, F. U., & Aktas, I. (2020). Low back pain in children and adolescents: Real life experience of 106 patients. Northern Clinics of Istanbul, 7(6), 603-608. https://doi.org/10.14744/nci.2020.93824
  • Jonsdottir, S., Ahmed, H., Tómasson, K., & Carter, B. (2019). Factors associated with chronic and acute back pain in wales, a cross-sectional study. BMC Musculoskel Dis, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2477-4
  • Kabasakal, E., Özcebe, H., & Arslan, U. E. (2020). Eating disorders and needs of disabled children at primary school. Child Care Hlth Dev, 46(5), 637-643. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12788
  • Kalki, M., Acshal Rachel, L., Nisha, V., Sundhari, G., & Rathiga, A. (2020). Medico-legal update, april-june 2020, vol. 20, no. 2 95 assessment the risk factors and incidence of low back pain among higher secondary students in selected school at kanchipuram dist tamil nadu india. Medico-Legal Update, 20(2), 95-97. https://doi.org/10.37506/mlu.v20i2.1072
  • Kędra, A., Kolwicz-Gańko, A., Sitarski, D., Kędra, P., & Czaprowski, D. (2019). Prevalence of back pain and the knowledge of preventive measures in a cohort of 11619 polish school-age children and youth-an epidemiological study. Medicine, 98(22), e15729. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000015729
  • Kędra, A., Plandowska, M., Kędra, P., & Czaprowski, D. (2021). Non-specific low back pain: Cross-sectional study of 11,423 children and youth and the association with the perception of heaviness in carrying of schoolbags. PeerJ, 9. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11220
  • Kemta Lekpa, F., Enyama, D., Noukeu Njinkui, D., Ngongang Chiedjio, A., Simeni Njonnou, S. R., Ngongang Ouankou, C., Namme Luma, H., & Choukem, S. P. (2021). Prevalence and factors associated with low back pain in schoolchildren in cameroon, sub-saharan africa. Int J Rheum Dis, 24(9), 1186-1191. https://doi.org/10.1111/1756-185X.14172
  • Khalil, N. S., & Alrubaey, M. G. J. (2019). Impact of schoolbag use on back pain among primary school children in baghdad city. Biochemical and Cellular Archives, 19(1), 869-874.
  • Kiat, W. Y., Abidin, E. Z., Rasdi, I., & Ismail, N. H. (2018). Association between schoolbag weight with back pain and perceived load among primary schoolchildren in selangor. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 6(Special issue), 6-12. https://doi.org/10.37268/mjphm/vol.20/no.Special1/art.672
  • Layuk, S., Martiana, T., & Bongakaraeng, B. (2020). School bag weight and the occurrence of back pain among elementary school children. Journal of Public Health Research, 9(2), 191-194. https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2020.1841
  • Lubkowska, W. (2018). Application of the computerized functional diagnosis system with the sensor wiva® science in the evaluation of the effectiveness of rehabilitation of patients with back pain syndrome. Paper presented at the AIP Conf Proc, 2040. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5079128
  • MacDonald, J., Stuart, E., & Rodenberg, R. (2017). Musculoskeletal low back pain in school-aged children a review. JAMA Pediatr, 171(3), 280-287. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.3334
  • Maher, C., Underwood, M., & Buchbinder, R. (2017). Non-specific low back pain. Lancet, 389(10070), 736-747. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30970-9
  • Mantilla Toloza, S. C., Jaimes Guerrero, C. A., & Lerma Castaño, P. R. (2021). Knowledge and practices of back care, experience in colombian children. Global Pediatric Health, 8 https://doi.org/10.1177/2333794X211023460
  • Masiero, S., Sarto, F., Cattelan, M., Sarto, D., Del Felice, A., Agostini, F., & Scanu, A. (2021). Lifetime prevalence of nonspecific low back pain in adolescents A cross-sectional epidemiologic survey. Am J Phys Med Rehab, 100(12), 1170-1175. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000001720
  • Mata-Bazán, J., & Campos-Cornejo, L. L. (2018). Influence of the postural habits program for the prevention of axial defectsin adolescents. Weber Psychiatry &Psychology. 5(1), 4-8.
  • Meucci, R. D., Linhares, A. O., Olmedo, D. W. V., Cousin Sobrinho, E. L. P., Duarte, V. M., & Cesar, J. A. (2018). Low back pain among adolescents in the semiarid region: Results of a population census in the city of caracol, state of piauí, brazil. [Dor lombar em adolescentes do semiárido: Resultados de um censo populacional no município de Caracol (PI), Brasil] Cienc Saude Coletiva, 23(3), 733-740. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232018233.04312016
  • Meziat-Filho, N., Azevedo, G. E. S., Coutinho, E. S., Mendonça, R., & Santos, V. (2017). Association between home posture habits and neck pain in high school adolescents. J Back Musculoskelet, 30(3), 467-475. https://doi.org/10.3233/BMR-150339
  • Minghelli, B. (2020a). Musculoskeletal spine pain in adolescents: Epidemiology of non-specific neck and low back pain and risk factors. J Orthop Sci, 25(5), 776-780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jos.2019.10.008
  • Minghelli, B. (2020b). Postural habits in adolescents: The influence of a school physiotherapy program on improving the knowledge of postures. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, https://doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2019-0138
  • Minghelli, B., Nunes, C., & Oliveira, R. (2021). Back school postural education program: Comparison of two types of interventions in improving ergonomic knowledge about postures and reducing low back pain in adolescents. Int J Env Res Pub He, 18(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094434
  • Ministry of Health (2018). Informe Anual del Sistema Nacional de Salud 2018. Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar Social.
  • Miñana-Signes, V. (2017). La salud de la espalda en la educación. Estudio y validación de un cuestionario de conocimientos sobre la práctica de actividad y ejercicio físico para la salud y el cuidado de la espalda en jóvenes de la Comunidad Valenciana [Doctoral Thesis, University of València]. Available on institutional repository RODERIC. Recovered from [Accessed February 27, 2024]: http://roderic.uv.es/handle/10550/58032
  • Miñana-Signes, V., Monfort-Pañego, M., & Rosaleny-Maiques, S. (2019). Improvement of knowledge and postural habits after an educational intervention program in school students. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 14(1), 47-60. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2019.141.04
  • Miñana-Signes, V., Monfort-Pañego, M., Bosh-Bivià, A. H., & Noll, M. (2021a). Prevalence of low back pain among primary school students from the city of valencia (spain). Healthcare, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9030270
  • Miñana-Signes, V., Monfort-Pañego, M., Morant, J., & Noll, M. (2021b). Cross-cultural adaptation and reliability of the back pain and body posture evaluation instrument (backpei) to the spanish adolescent population. Int J Env Res Pub He, 18(3), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18030854
  • Mohammadi, S., Mokhtarinia, H., Nejatbakhsh, R., & Scuffham, A. (2017). Ergonomics evaluation of school bags in tehran female primary school children. Work, 56(1), 175-181. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-162469
  • Monfort-Pañego, M., & Miñana-Signes, V. (2020). Psychometric study and content validity of a questionnaire to assess back-health-related postural habits in daily activities. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 24(3), 218-227. https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367X.2020.1784899
  • Morales Vallejo, P. (2009). Estadística aplicada a las ciencias sociales. Universidad Pontificia de Comillas.
  • Morrish, D., & Neesam, M. (2021). Trends in coverage of hygiene and disease prevention topics across national curriculum frameworks for primary science, physical education, and health. Prospects, 51(1-3), 363-381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-020-09525-7
  • Muñoz-Serrano, J., Garcia-Duran, S., Avila-Martin, G., Fernandez-Perez, C., Jimenez-Tanturejo, P., & Cecilia Marin-Guerrero, A. (2021). Relationship between low back pain and screen time among schoolchildren. Rev Esp Salud Public, 95, e202110132. PMID: 34643186.
  • Noll, M., Candotti, C. T., Rosa, B. N. D., Vieira, A., & Loss, J. F. (2021). Back pain and its risk factors in brazilian adolescents: A longitudinal study. British Journal of Pain, 15(1), 16-25. https://doi.org/10.1177/2049463719871751
  • Noormohammadpour, P., Borghei, A., Mirzaei, S., Mansournia, M. A., Ghayour-Najafabadi, M., Kordi, M., & Kordi, R. (2019). The risk factors of low back pain in female high school students. Spine, 44(6), E357-E365. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0000000000002837
  • Oka, G. A., Ranade, A. S., & Kulkarni, A. A. (2019). Back pain and school bag weight-a study on indian children and review of literature. J Pediatr Orthop B, 28(4), 397-404. https://doi.org/10.1097/BPB.0000000000000602
  • O'Sullivan, K., O'Keeffe, M., Forster, B. B., Qamar, S. R., van der Westhuizen, A., & O'Sullivan, P. B. (2019). Managing low back pain in active adolescents. Best Pract Res Cl Rh, 33(1), 102-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.berh.2019.02.005
  • Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hrobjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., McGuinness, L. A., Stewart, L. A., Thomas, J., Tricco, A. C., Welch, V. A., Whiting, P., & Moher, D. (2021). Declaración PRISMA 2020: una guía actualizada para la publicación de revisiones sistemáticas. Rev Esp Cardiol, 74(9), 790-799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2021.06.016
  • Paranjape, S., & Ingole, V. (2018). Prevalence of back pain in secondary school students in an urban population: Cross-sectional study. Cureus, 10(7), e2983. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.2983
  • Pinto, M. B., & Silva, K. L. (2020). Health promotion in schools: speeches, representations, and approaches. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 73 (3), e20180774. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0774
  • Rodríguez-Oviedo, P., Santiago-Pérez, M. I., Pérez-Ríos, M., Gómez-Fernández, D., Fernández-Alonso, A., Carreira-Núñez, I., García-Pacios, P., & Ruano-Ravina, A. (2018). Backpack weight and back pain reduction: Effect of an intervention in adolescents. Pediatr Res, 84(1), 34-40. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-018-0013-0
  • Sainz De Baranda, P., Cejudo, A., Martínez-Romero, M. T., Aparicio-Sarmiento, A., Rodríguez-Ferrán, O., Collazo-Diéguez, M., Hurtado-Avilés, J., Andújar, P., & Santonja-Medina, F. (2020a). Sitting posture, sagittal spinal curvatures and back pain in 8 to 12-year-old children from the region of murcia (spain): ISQUIOS programme. Int J Env Res Pub He, 17(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072578
  • Sainz De Baranda, P., Andújar, P., Collazo-Diéguez, M., Pastor, A., Santonja-Renedo, F., Martínez-Romero, M. T., Aparicio-Sarmiento, A., Cejudo, A., Rodríguez-Ferrán, O., & Santonja-Medina, F. (2020b). Sagittal standing spinal alignment and back pain in 8 to 12-year-old children from the region of murcia, spain: The ISQUIOS program. J Back Musculoskelet, 33(6), 1003-1014. https://doi.org/10.3233/BMR-191727
  • Santos, E. D. S., Bernardes, J. M., Noll, M., Gómez-Salgado, J., Ruiz-Frutos, C., & Dias, A. (2021). Prevalence of low back pain and associated risks in school-age children. Pain Manag Nurs, 22(4), 459-464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2021.01.017
  • Schwertner, D. S., Oliveira, R. A. N. S., Koerich, M. H. A. L., Motta, A. F., Pimenta, A. L., & Gioda, F. R. (2020). Prevalence of low back pain in young brazilians and associated factors: Sex, physical activity, sedentary behavior, sleep and body mass index. J Back Musculoskelet, 33(2), 233-244. https://doi.org/10.3233/BMR-170821
  • Sellschop, I.,V., Myezwa, H., Mudzi, W., & Musenge, E. (2018). Ergonomic behaviour of learners in a digitally driven school environment: Modification using an ergonomic intervention programme. South African Journal of Physiotherapy, 74(1), a348. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajp.v74i1.348
  • Serrano-Dura, J., Cabrera Gonzalez, A., Rodriguez-Negro, J., & Monleon Garcia, C. (2021). Results of a postural education program, with a gamified intervention vs traditional intervention. Sportis-Scientific Technical Journal of School Sport Physical Education and Psychomotricity, 7(2), 267-284. https://doi.org/10.17979/sportis.2021.7.2.7529
  • Shuhaimi, S. A., & Rahman, H. A. (2020). Association between schoolbag weight and back pain among primary schoolchildren in kajang, selangor. Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 20(Specialissue1), 77-82. https://doi.org/10.37268/mjphm/vol.20/no.Special1/art.672
  • Spiteri, K., Busuttil, M. L., Aquilina, S., Gauci, D., Camilleri, E., & Grech, V. (2017). Schoolbags and back pain in children between 8 and 13 years: A national study. British Journal of Pain, 11(2), 81-86. https://doi.org/10.1177/2049463717695144
  • Subbarayalu, A. V., & Ameer, M. A. (2017). Relationships among head posture, pain intensity, disability and deep cervical flexor muscle performance in subjects with postural neck pain. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 12(6), 541-547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2017.07.001
  • Sukartini, T., Ariyani, M. D., & Yasmara, D. (2020). Knowledge and actions about safety in the use of backpacks not related to back pain complaints in primary school students. EurAsian Journal of BioSciences, 14(2), 2751-2755. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098927
  • Szilágyi, B., Tardi, P., Magyar, B., Tanács-Gulyás, N., Romhányi, F., Vida, E., Makai, A., & Járomi, M. (2021). Health questionnaire on back care knowledge and spine disease prevention for 6-10 years old children: Development and psychometric evaluation. BMC Musculoskel Dis, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-021-04667-x
  • Uddin, R., Salmon, J., Islam, S. M. S., & Khan, A. (2020). Physical education class participation is associated with physical activity among adolescents in 65 countries. Sci Rep-UK, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79100-9
  • Venkata, S. K., I Narayan, A., Chogtu, B., & Janodia, M. (2021). A bibliometric study on the research outcome of brazil, russia, india, china, and south africa. F1000Research, 10. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.51337.1
  • Vidal-Conti, J., Borràs, P. A., Palou, P., & Muntaner-Mas, A. (2021). Prevalence of low back pain among school-aged children between 10 and 12 years. Sustainability-Basel, 13(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/su132112254
  • Vitta, A. D., Bento, T. P. F., Cornelio, G. P., Perrucini, P. D. D. O., Felippe, L. A., & Conti, M. H. S. D. (2021). Incidence and factors associated with low back pain in adolescents: A prospective study. Braz J Phys Ther, 25(6), 864-873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjpt.2021.10.002
  • Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Maher, C. G., Wiech, K., Van Zundert, J., Meloto, C. B., Diatchenko, L., Battié, M. C., Goossens, M., Koes, B., & Linton, S. J. (2018). Low back pain. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-018-0052-1
  • Wawrzyniak, A., Tomaszewski, M., Mews, J., & Jung, A. (2017). Postural defects in children and teenagers as one of the major issues in psychosomatic development. Pediatrics and Family Medicine, 13(1), 72-78. https://doi.org/10.15557/PiMR.2017.0007