Only my truth can save us allThe impact of socioeconomic threat and its emotional appraisals on the monopoly on truth and political extremism

  1. Marcos Dono
  2. Mónica Alzate
  3. José Manuel Sabucedo
Revista:
Psicothema

ISSN: 0214-9915,  1886-144X

Año de publicación: 2024

Volumen: 36

Número: 1

Páginas: 55-63

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.7334/PSICOTHEMA2023.55 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso abierto editor

Otras publicaciones en: Psicothema

Resumen

El extremismo político constituye una de las principales amenazas para las sociedades democráticas, y se ha relacionado con amenazas socioeconómicas como la COVID-19. Argumentamos que las percepciones de amenaza incrementan el Monopolio de la Verdad (MdV), una concepción de los valores personales como verdades innegables dignas de imponerse. El MdV provocaría además un aumento de las intenciones extremistas. Método: Se realizaron dos estudios experimentales (N = 274 y 484). En el Estudio 1 se manipuló la amenaza socioeconómica. El Estudio 2 añadió una manipulación de la evaluación emocional de dicha amenaza. Resultados: En el Estudio 1, las puntuaciones de MdV difirieron de forma estadísticamente significativa, siendo más altas en la condición de alta amenaza. En el Estudio 2 se observó que los niveles de amenaza no causaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en MdV al manipular la evaluación emocional. La ira sí causó diferencias estadísticamente significativas en MdV. El Estudio 2 mostró que el MdV funciona como antecedente de intenciones extremistas. Conclusiones: Las amenazas socioeconómicas y su evaluación emocional provocan un aumento del MdV e, indirectamente, del extremismo. Además, nuestros hallazgos destacan la relevancia de las diferentes narrativas que enmarcan las amenazas, las cuales pueden llegar a fomentar el extremismo

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Barrett, P., & Chen, S. (2021). Social repercussions of pandemics. IMF Working Papers.
  • BBC. (2021, January 7). Capitol riots: A visual guide to the storming of Congress. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55575260
  • Berger, J. (2017). Extremist construction of identity. The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism, 7. http://doi.org/10.19165/2017.1.07
  • Bötticher, A. (2017). Towards academic consensus definitions of radicalism and extremism. Perspectives on Terrorism, 11(4), 73–77. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26297896
  • Brader, T., Valentino, N. A., & Suhay, E. (2008). What triggers public opposition to immigration? Anxiety, group cues, and immigration threat. American Journal of Political Science, 52(4), 959–978. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.15405907.2008.00353.x
  • Bullock, J. G., Green, D. P., & Ha, S. E. (2008). Experimental approaches to mediation: A new guide for assessing causal pathways. Unpublished Manuscript, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
  • Cheah, C. S., Wang, C., Ren, H., Zong, X., Cho, H. S., & Xue, X. (2020). COVID-19 racism and mental health in Chinese American families. Pediatrics, 146(5), Article e2020021816. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-021816
  • Clifford, S. (2019). How emotional frames moralize and polarize political attitudes. Political Psychology, 40(1), 75–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12507
  • Cohen, S., Halperin, E., Porat, R., & Bar-Tal, D. (2014). The differential effects of hope and fear on information processing in intractable conflict. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 2(1), 11–30. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v2i1.230
  • Cohen-Chen, S., van Kleef, G. A., Crisp, R. J., & Halperin, E. (2019). Dealing in hope: Does observing hope expressions increase conciliatory attitudes in intergroup conflict? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 83, 102111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2019.04.002
  • Dietz-Uhler, B., & Murrell, A. (1998). Effects of social identity and threat on self-esteem and group attributions. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 2(1), 24-35. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2699.2.1.24
  • Dono, M., Alzate, M., Barreto-Galeano, M.-I., Uhng-Hur, D., & Sabucedo, J.M. (2022). ‘I know what is best for you better than you do’: Cross-cultural evidence of the association between Monopoly on Truth and extremism (‘Yo sé mejor que tú lo que es mejor para ti’: evidencia transcultural de la asociación entre el monopolio de la verdad y el extremismo). International Journal of Social Psychology, 37(3), 504–528. https://doi.org/10.1080/02134748.2022.2083292
  • Dono, M., Alzate, M., Seoane, G., & Sabucedo, J. M. (2018). Development and validation of the Monopoly on Truth Scale. A measure of political extremism. Psicothema, 30(3), 330–336. http://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2017.423
  • Duckitt, J., & Fisher, K. (2003). The impact of social threat on worldview and ideological attitudes. Political Psychology, 24(1), 199–222. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00322
  • Ervasti, H., Kouvo, A., & Venetoklis, T. (2019). Social and institutional trust in times of crisis: Greece, 2002–2011. Social Indicators Research, 141(3), 1207–1231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-018-1862-y
  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A.-G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149–1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
  • Gorospe, P. (2020). Detenida una socorrista que surfeaba en San Sebastián pese a estar de baja por covid. El País. https://elpais.com/sociedad/2020-09-07/detenida-una-socorrista-que-surfeaba-en-san-sebastian-pese-a-estar-debaja-por-covid.html
  • Gross, K., & D’Ambrosio, L. (2004). Framing emotional response. Political Psychology, 25(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2004.00354.x
  • Gurr, T. R. (1970). Why men rebel. Routledge.
  • Hayes, A. F. (2022). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis, third edition: A Regression-based approach. Guilford Publications.
  • Hogg, M. A., Kruglanski, A., & van den Bos, K. (2013). Uncertainty and the roots of extremism. Journal of Social Issues, 69(3), 407–418. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12021
  • Huddy, L., Feldman, S., & Cassese, E. (2007). On the distinct political effects of anxiety and anger. In G. E. Marcus, R. Neuman, & Michael MacKuen (Eds.), The affect effect: Dynamics of emotion in political thinking and behavior (pp. 202–230). University of Chicago Press.
  • Jabardo, R. (1998). Sobre el concepto de extremismo político. Revista de estudios políticos, 102, 281–293.
  • Jordan, J., Leliveld, M. C., & Tenbrunsel, A. E. (2015). The moral selfimage scale: Measuring and understanding the malleability of the moral self. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, Article 1878. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01878
  • Jost, J. T. (2019). Anger and authoritarianism mediate the effects of fear on support for the far right—what vasilopoulos et al. (2019) Really found. Political Psychology, 40(4), 705–711. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12567
  • Jugert, P., & Duckitt, J. (2009). A motivational model of authoritarianism: Integrating personal and situational determinants. Political Psychology, 30(5), 693–719. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2009.00722.x
  • Kihlstrom, J. F. (2021). Ecological validity and “ecological validity.” Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(2), 466–471. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620966791
  • Klapsis, A. (2014). Economic crisis and political extremism in Europe: From the 1930s to the present. European View, 13(2), 189–198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12290-014-0315-5
  • MacKuen, M., Wolak, J., Keele, L., & Marcus, G. E. (2010). Civic engagements: Resolute partisanship or reflective deliberation. American Journal of Political Science, 54(2), 440-458. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.15405907.2010.00440.x
  • Marcus, G. E., Neuman, W. R., & MacKuen, M. (2000). Affective intelligence and political judgment. University of Chicago Press.
  • Marcus, G. E., Valentino, N. A., Vasilopoulos, P., & Foucault, M. (2019). Applying the theory of affective intelligence to support for authoritarian policies and parties. Political Psychology, 40 (51), 109–139. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12571
  • McLeod, D. M., Choung, H., Su, M.-H., Kim, S.-J., Tao, R., Liu, J., & Lee, B. (2022). Navigating a diverse paradigm: A conceptual framework for experimental framing effects research. Review of Communication Research, 10, 1-58. https://rcommunicationr.org/index.php/rcr/article/view/83
  • Moskalenko, S., & McCauley, C. (2009). Measuring political mobilization: The distinction between activism and radicalism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 21(2), 239–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546550902765508
  • Nicola, M., Alsafi, Z., Sohrabi, C., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., Agha, M., & Agha, R. (2020). The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review. International Journal of Surgery (London, England), 78, 185–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ijsu.2020.04.018
  • Ramachandran, R. (2020). COVID-19—A very visible pandemic. The Lancet, 396(10248), e13–e14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31673-1
  • Ramos-Álvarez, R., Kapp, M., Clinton, A., Fernández-Millán, J. M., Cabo Castro, F., Giménez-López, A. I., Solano-Gálvis, C. A., Rodríguez-Ruíz, M., & Lobato, R. M. (2022). Development and validation of SERR scale for detecting extremism and religious radicalism. Psicothema, 34(4), 593–602. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2022.119
  • Rokeach, M. (1956). Political and religious dogmatism: An alternative to the authoritarian personality. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 70(18), 1-43. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0093727
  • Sabucedo, J. M. (1985). Incertidumbre: Una nueva medida del autoritarismo de estilo. Análisis y modificación de conducta, 11(27), 73–84. https://doi. org/10.33776/amc.v11i27.1688
  • Sabucedo, J.-M., Alzate, M., & Hur, D. (2020). COVID-19 and the metaphor of war (COVID-19 y la metáfora de la guerra). International Journal of Social Psychology, 35(3), 618-624. https://doi.org/10.1080/02134748.2020.1783840
  • Sabucedo, J.-M., Barreto, I., Seoane, G., Alzate, M., Gómez-Román, C., & Vilas, X. (2017). Political protest in times of crisis. Construction of new frames of diagnosis and emotional climate. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, Article 1568. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01568
  • Skitka, L. J. (2002). Do the means always justify the ends, or do the ends sometimes justify the means? A value protection model of justice reasoning. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(5), 588-597. http://doi.org/10.1177/0146167202288003
  • Staw, B. M., Sandelands, L. E., & Dutton, J. E. (1981). Threat rigidity effects in organizational behavior: A multilevel analysis. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26 (4) 501–524. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392337
  • Sullivan, H. (2023, January 9). Brazil congress attack: What we know so far. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/09/ brazil-congress-attack-stormed-invasion-jair-bolsonaro-supporterswhat-we-know-so-far
  • Tajfel, H., Turner, J. C., Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In Organizational identity: A reader. Oxford University Press.
  • Teymoori, A., Bastian, B., & Jetten, J. (2017). Towards a psychological analysis of anomie. Political Psychology, 38(6), 1009–1023. https:// doi.org/10.1111/pops.12377
  • Trujillo, H. M., Prados, M., & Moyano, M. (2016). Psychometric properties of the spanish version of the activism and radicalism intention scale/ propiedades psicométricas de la versión española de la escala de intención de activismo y radicalismo. Revista de Psicología Social, 31(1), 157-189. https://doi.org/10.1080/02134748.2015.1101317
  • van Gent, W., Mamadouh, V., & Van Der Wusten, H. (2013). Political reactions to the euro crisis: Cross-national variations and rescaling issues in elections and popular protests. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 54(2),135-161. https://doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2013.811362
  • van Prooijen, J.-W., & Krouwel, A. P. (2019). Psychological features of extreme political ideologies. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28(2), 159–163. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721418817755
  • Vasilopoulos, P., Marcus, G. E., Valentino, N. A., & Foucault, M. (2019a). Fear, anger, and voting for the far right: Evidence from the November 13, 2015 Paris terror attacks. Political Psychology, 40(4), 679–704. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12513
  • Vasilopoulos, P., Marcus, G. E., Valentino, N., & Foucault, M. (2019b). Anger mediates the effects of fear on support for the far right—A rejoinder. Political Psychology, 40(4), 713–717. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12598
  • Webber, D., Babush, M., Schori-Eyal, N., Vazeou-Nieuwenhuis, A., Hettiarachchi, M., Bélanger, J. J., Moyano, M., Trujillo, H. M., Gunaratna, R., Kruglanski, A. W., & Gelfand, M. J. (2018). The road to extremism: Field and experimental evidence that significance loss-induced need for closure fosters radicalization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 114(2), 270–285. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000111
  • Widmann, T. (2021). How emotional are populists really? Factors explaining emotional appeals in the communication of political parties. Political Psychology, 42(1), 163–181. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12693
  • Zmigrod, L. (2020). The role of cognitive rigidity in political ideologies: Theory, evidence, and future directions. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 34, 34–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.10.016
Fuente de los datos: Dialnet