Big five personality traits and compulsive buyingthe mediating role of self-esteem

  1. José Manuel Otero-López 1
  2. María José Santiago 1
  3. María Cristina Castro 1
  1. 1 Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
    info

    Universidade de Santiago de Compostela

    Santiago de Compostela, España

    ROR https://ror.org/030eybx10

Revista:
EJIHPE: European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education

ISSN: 2174-8144 2254-9625

Ano de publicación: 2024

Volume: 14

Número: 1

Páxinas: 103-116

Tipo: Artigo

DOI: 10.3390/EJIHPE14010007 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDialnet editor

Outras publicacións en: EJIHPE: European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education

Resumo

The inter-relationships between the Big Five personality traits, self-esteem, and compulsive buying are supported by strong empirical evidence. What is yet unknown is to what extent selfesteem can channel the influence of personality traits on compulsive buying. The main objective of this study is to explore the possible mediating role of self-esteem in the link between the Big Five personality traits and compulsive buying. Path analysis results, using a sample of 487 university students, generally confirm the suitability of the proposed model in which self-esteem mediated the effects of the Big Five personality traits (neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, openness to experience, and conscientiousness) on compulsive buying. Moreover, a direct effect of neuroticism and conscientiousness on compulsive buying was found. Finally, based on the finding that selfesteem acts as a necessary filter in the analysis of the five factors–compulsive buying relationship, several action-oriented guidelines for the prevention or intervention of this behavioral problem are suggested.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Achtziger, A.; Hubert, M.; Kenning, P.; Raab, G.; Reisch, L. Debt out of Control: The Links between Self-Control, Compulsive Buying, and Real Debts. J. Econ. Psychol. 2015, 49, 141–149.
  • Adamczyk, G.; Capetillo-Ponce, J.; Szczygielski, D. Links between Types of Value Orientations and Consumer Behaviours. An Empirical Study. PLoS ONE 2022, 17, e0264185.
  • Aksoy, B.; Akpınar, A.; Özkara, B.Y. The Impact of Neuroticism on Compulsive Buying Behavior: The Mediating Role of the Past-Negative Time Perspective and the Moderating Role of the Consumer’s Need for Uniqueness. J. Mark. Theory Pract. 2022, 31, 352–367.
  • Ali, F.; Tauni, M.Z.; Ali, A. The Big Five Dyad Congruence and Compulsive Buying: A Case of Service Encounters. J. Retail. Consum. Serv. 2022, 68, 103007.
  • Amirazodi, F.; Amirazodi, M. Personality Traits and Self-Esteem. Procedia-Soc. Behav. Sci. 2011, 29, 713–716.
  • Andreassen, C.S.; Griffiths, M.D.; Gjertsen, S.R.; Krossbakken, E.; Kvam, S.; Pallesen, S. The Relationships between Behavioral Addictions and the Five-Factor Model of Personality. J. Behav. Addict. 2013, 2, 90–99.
  • Andreassen, C.S.; Griffiths, M.D.; Pallesen, S.; Bilder, R.M.; Torsheim, T.; Aboujaoude, E. The Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale: Reliability and Validity of a Brief Screening Test. Front. Psychol. 2015, 6, 1374.
  • Aquino, S.D.; Lins, S. The Personality Puzzle: A Comprehensive Analysis of Its Impact on Three Buying Behaviors. Front. Psychiatry 2023, 14, 1179257.
  • Asad, S.; Jaweria Leeb, Q.; Faheem, Z.; Kaleem, S. The Effect of Personality on Impulsive and Compulsive Buying Behaviors. Afr. J. Bus. Manag. 2012, 6, 2187–2194.
  • Baron, R.M.; Kenny, D.A. The Moderator–Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1986, 51, 1173–1182.
  • Baumeister, R.F. A Self-Presentational View of Social Phenomena. Psychol. Bull. 1982, 91, 3–26.
  • Billieux, J.; Rochat, L.; Rebetez, M.M.L.; Van der Linden, M. Are All Facets of Impulsivity Related to Self-Reported Compulsive Buying Behavior? Personal. Individ. Differ. 2008, 44, 1432–1442.
  • Borgogna, N.C.; Aita, S.L. Problematic Pornography Viewing from a Big-5 Personality Perspective. Sex. Addict. Compulsivity 2019, 26, 293–314.
  • Browne, M.W.; Cudeck, R. Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit. Sociol. Methods Res. 1992, 21, 230–258.
  • Brunault, P.; Ducluzeau, P.H.; Courtois, R.; Bourbao-Tournois, C.; Delbachian, I.; Réveillère, C.; Ballon, N. Food Addiction Is Associated with Higher Neuroticism, Lower Conscientiousness, Higher Impulsivity, but Lower Extraversion in Obese Patient Candidates for Bariatric Surgery. Subst. Use Misuse 2018, 53, 1919–1923.
  • Brunborg, G.S.; Hanss, D.; Mentzoni, R.A.; Molde, H.; Pallesen, S. Problem Gambling and the Five-Factor Model of Personality: A Large Population-Based Study. Addiction 2016, 111, 1428–1435.
  • Byrne, B.M. Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming, 2nd ed.; Multivariate Applications Series; Routledge: New York, NY, USA, 2010.
  • Cassidy, T.; Adair, Z. Psychological Aspects of Shopping Addiction: Initial Test of a Stress and Coping Model. Int. J. Psychol. Brain Sci. 2021, 6, 29.
  • Cook, R.H.; Griffiths, M.D.; Pontes, H.M. Personality Factors in Exercise Addiction: A Pilot Study Exploring the Role of Narcissism, Extraversion, and Agreeableness. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict. 2020, 18, 89–102.
  • Costa, P.; McCrae, R. Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) Professional Manual; Psychological Assessment Resources: Odessa, FL, USA, 1992.
  • Costa, P.T.; McCrae, R.R. NEO-PI-R Inventario de Personalidad NEO Revisado. NEO-FFI-Inventario NEO Reducido de Cinco Factores; TEA Ediciones: Madrid, Spain, 2008.
  • Darrat, A.A.; Darrat, M.A.; Darrat, M.A. Does Wanting More Lead to Losing Control? Examining the Psychological Drivers of Compulsive Buying. Young Consum. 2023, 24, 56–73.
  • De Pasquale, C.; Morando, M.; Platania, S.; Sciacca, F.; Hichy, Z.; Di Nuovo, S.; Quattropani, M.C. The Roles of Anxiety and Self-Esteem in the Risk of Eating Disorders and Compulsive Buying Behavior. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 16245.
  • Dittmar, H. A New Look at “Compulsive Buying”: Self–Discrepancies and Materialistic Values as Predictors of Compulsive Buying Tendency. J. Soc. Clin. Psychol. 2005, 24, 832–859.
  • Donnellan, M.B.; Oswald, F.L.; Baird, B.M.; Lucas, R.E. The Mini-IPIP Scales: Tiny-yet-Effective Measures of the Big Five Factors of Personality. Psychol. Assess. 2006, 18, 192–203.
  • Erdle, S.; Gosling, S.D.; Potter, J. Does Self-Esteem Account for the Higher-Order Factors of the Big Five? J. Res. Pers. 2009, 43, 921–922.
  • Gallagher, C.E.; Watt, M.C.; Weaver, A.D.; Murphy, K.A. “I Fear, Therefore, I Shop!” Exploring Anxiety Sensitivity in Relation to Compulsive Buying. Personal. Individ. Differ. 2017, 104, 37–42.
  • George, B. The Relationship between Lottery Ticket and Scratch-Card Buying Behaviour, Personality and Other Compulsive Behaviours. J. Consum. Behav. 2002, 2, 7–22.
  • Hanley, A.; Wilhelm, M.S. Compulsive Buying: An Exploration into Self-Esteem and Money Attitudes. J. Econ. Psychol. 1992, 13, 5–18.
  • Harnish, R.J.; Bridges, K.R.; Gump, J.T.; Carson, A.E. The Maladaptive Pursuit of Consumption: The Impact of Materialism, Pain of Paying, Social Anxiety, Social Support, and Loneliness on Compulsive Buying. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict. 2019, 17, 1401–1416.
  • Heimpel, S.A.; Wood, J.V.; Marshall, M.A.; Brown, J.D. Do People with Low Self-Esteem Really Want to Feel Better? Self-Esteem Differences in Motivation to Repair Negative Moods. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 2002, 82, 128–147.
  • Jiang, Z.; Shi, M. Prevalence and Co-Occurrence of Compulsive Buying, Problematic Internet and Mobile Phone Use in College Students in Yantai, China: Relevance of Self-Traits. BMC Public Health 2016, 16, 1211.
  • Judge, T.A.; Erez, A.; Bono, J.E.; Thoresen, C.J. Are Measures of Self-Esteem, Neuroticism, Locus of Control, and Generalized Self-Efficacy Indicators of a Common Core Construct? J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 2002, 83, 693–710.
  • Kasser, T. Materialistic Values and Goals. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2016, 67, 489–514.
  • Kellett, S.; Bolton, J.V. Compulsive Buying: A Cognitive-Behavioural Model. Clin. Psychol. Psychother. 2009, 16, 83–99.
  • Khosravi, M.; Khosrobaki, M.; Foroutan, A. Personality Traits and College Students’ Internet Addiction: The Mediating Roles of General Health and Self-esteem. Scand. J. Psychol. 2022, 63, 689–697.
  • Kircaburun, K.; Griffiths, M.D. Instagram Addiction and the Big Five of Personality: The Mediating Role of Self-Liking. J. Behav. Addict. 2018, 7, 158–170.
  • Koronczai, B.; Kökönyei, G.; Griffiths, M.D.; Demetrovics, Z. The Relationship Between Personality Traits, Psychopathological Symptoms, and Problematic Internet Use: A Complex Mediation Model. J. Med. Internet Res. 2019, 21, e11837.
  • Kräplin, A.; Kupka, K.F.; Fröhner, J.H.; Krönke, K.-M.; Wolff, M.; Smolka, M.N.; Bühringer, G.; Goschke, T. Personality Traits Predict Non-Substance Related and Substance Related Addictive Behaviours: A Prospective Study. SUCHT 2022, 68, 263–277.
  • Kyrios, M.; Frost, R.O.; Steketee, G. Cognitions in Compulsive Buying and Acquisition. Cogn. Ther. Res. 2004, 28, 241–258.
  • Lawrence, L.M.; Elphinstone, B. Coping Associated with Compulsive Buying Tendency. Stress Health 2021, 37, 263–271.
  • Lekaviciene, R.; Antinien ˙ e, D.; Nikou, S.; R ˙ utelion ¯ e, A.; Šeinauskien ˙ e, B.; Vaiˇciukynait ˙ e, E. Reducing Consumer Materialism and ˙ Compulsive Buying through Emotional Intelligence Training amongst Lithuanian Students. Front. Psychol. 2022, 13, 932395.
  • Li, H.; Ma, X.; Fang, J.; Liang, G.; Lin, R.; Liao, W.; Yang, X. Student Stress and Online Shopping Addiction Tendency among College Students in Guangdong Province, China: The Mediating Effect of the Social Support. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 176.
  • Liu, C.; Ren, L.; Rotaru, K.; Liu, X.; Li, K.; Yang, W.; Li, Y.; Wei, X.; Yücel, M.; Albertella, L. Bridging the Links between Big Five Personality Traits and Problematic Smartphone Use: A Network Analysis. J. Behav. Addict. 2023, 12, 128–136.
  • Maddi, S.R.; Erwin, L.M.; Carmody, C.L.; Villarreal, B.J.; White, M.; Gundersen, K.K. Relationship of Hardiness, Grit, and Emotional Intelligence to Internet Addiction, Excessive Consumer Spending, and Gambling. J. Posit. Psychol. 2013, 8, 128–134.
  • Maraz, A.; Griffiths, M.D.; Demetrovics, Z. The Prevalence of Compulsive Buying: A Meta-Analysis. Addiction 2016, 111, 408–419.
  • Maraz, A.; van den Brink, W.; Demetrovics, Z. Prevalence and Construct Validity of Compulsive Buying Disorder in Shopping Mall Visitors. Psychiatry Res. 2015, 228, 918–924.
  • Martín-Albo, J.; Núñez, J.L.; Navarro, J.G.; Grijalvo, F. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale: Translation and Validation in University Students. Span. J. Psychol. 2007, 10, 458–467.
  • McAdams, D.P.; Trzesniewski, K.; Lilgendahl, J.; Benet-Martinez, V.; Robins, R.W. Self and Identity in Personality Psychology. Personal. Sci. 2021, 2, e6035.
  • McCrae, R.R.; Costa, P.T. The Five-Factor Theory of Personality. In Handbook of Personality. Theory and Research; John, O.P., Robins, R.W., Pervin, L.A., Eds.; Guilford Press: New York, NY, USA, 2008; pp. 159–181.
  • Mikoajczak-Degrauwe, K.; Brengman, M.; Wauters, B.; Rossi, G. Does Personality Affect Compulsive Buying? An Application of the Big Five Personality Model. In Psychology—Selected Papers; Rossi, G., Ed.; InTech: Rijeka, Croatia, 2012; pp. 131–144.
  • Mitchell, J.E.; Burgard, M.; Faber, R.; Crosby, R.D.; De Zwaan, M. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Compulsive Buying Disorder. Behav. Res. Ther. 2006, 44, 1859–1865.
  • Mowen, J.C.; Spears, N. Understanding Compulsive Buying among College Students: A Hierarchical Approach. J. Consum. Psychol. 1999, 8, 407–430.
  • Mueller, A.; Mitchell, J.E.; Crosby, R.D.; Gefeller, O.; Faber, R.J.; Martin, A.; Bleich, S.; Glaesmer, H.; Exner, C.; de Zwaan, M. Estimated Prevalence of Compulsive Buying in Germany and Its Association with Sociodemographic Characteristics and Depressive Symptoms. Psychiatry Res. 2010, 180, 137–142.
  • Mueller, A.; Mueller, U.; Silberman, A.; Reikner, H.; Bleich, S.; Mitchell, J.E.; De Zwaan, M. A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Group Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Compulsive Buying Disorder: Posttreatment and 6-Month Follow-Up Results. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2008, 69, 1131–1138.
  • Müller, A.; Laskowski, N.M.; Trotzke, P.; Ali, K.; Fassnacht, D.B.; de Zwaan, M.; Brand, M.; Häder, M.; Kyrios, M. Proposed Diagnostic Criteria for Compulsive Buying-Shopping Disorder: A Delphi Expert Consensus Study. J. Behav. Addict. 2021, 10, 208–222.
  • Müller, A.; Mitchell, J.E.; de Zwaan, M. Compulsive Buying. Am. J. Addict. 2015, 24, 132–137.
  • Nikbin, D.; Iranmanesh, M.; Foroughi, B. Personality Traits, Psychological Well-Being, Facebook Addiction, Health and Performance: Testing Their Relationships. Behav. Inf. Technol. 2020, 40, 706–722.
  • Nyrhinen, J.; Lonka, K.; Sirola, A.; Ranta, M.; Wilska, T. Young Adults’ Online Shopping Addiction: The Role of Self-regulation and Smartphone Use. Int. J. Consum. Stud. 2023, 47, 1871–1884.
  • O’Guinn, T.C.; Faber, R.J. Compulsive Buying. A Phenomenological Exploration. J. Consum. Res. 1989, 16, 147–157.
  • Otero-López, J.M. What Do We Know When We Know a Compulsive Buying Person? Looking at Now and Ahead. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11232.
  • Otero-López, J.M.; Pol, E.V.; Bolaño, C.C. Beyond the Big Five: The Role of Extrinsic Life Aspirations in Compulsive Buying. Psicothema 2017, 29, 440–445.
  • Otero-López, J.M.; Santiago, M.J.; Castro, M.C. Big Five Personality Traits, Coping Strategies and Compulsive Buying in Spanish University Students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 821.
  • Otero-López, J.M.; Santiago, M.J.; Castro, M.C. Life Aspirations, Generativity and Compulsive Buying in University Students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8060.
  • Otero-López, J.M.; Santiago, M.J.; Castro, M.C. Personal Projects’ Appraisals and Compulsive Buying among University Students: Evidence from Galicia, Spain. Sustainability 2021, 13, 13509.
  • Otero-López, J.M.; Villardefrancos Pol, E. Adicción a la Compra, Materialismo y Satisfacción con la vida Relatos, Vidas, Compras; GEU: Granada, Spain, 2009.
  • Otero-López, J.M.; Villardefrancos Pol, E. Compulsive Buying and the Five Factor Model of Personality: A Facet Analysis. Pers. Individ. Differ. 2013, 55, 585–590.
  • Otero-López, J.M.; Villardefrancos, E. Compulsive Buying and Life Aspirations: An Analysis of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Goals. Pers. Individ. Differ. 2015, 76, 166–170.
  • Otero-López, J.M.; Villardefrancos, E. Five-Factor Model Personality Traits, Materialism, and Excessive Buying: A Mediational Analysis. Pers. Individ. Differ. 2013, 54, 767–772.
  • Otero-López, J.M.; Villardefrancos, E. Materialism and Addictive Buying in Women: The Mediating Role of Anxiety and Depression. Psychol. Rep. 2013, 113, 328–344.
  • Otero-López, J.M.; Villardefrancos, E. Materialismo y adicción a la compra. Examinando el papel mediador de la autestima. Bol. Psicol. 2011, 103, 45–59.
  • Otero-López, J.M.; Villardefrancos, E. Prevalence, Sociodemographic Factors, Psychological Distress, and Coping Strategies Related to Compulsive Buying: A Cross Sectional Study in Galicia, Spain. BMC Psychiatry 2014, 14, 101.
  • Pilarska, A. Big-Five Personality and Aspects of the Self-Concept: Variable- and Person-Centered Approaches. Personal. Individ. Differ. 2018, 127, 107–113.
  • Rahim, F.F.M.; Rahim, H.A. The Effect of Personality Traits (Big-Five), Materialism and Stress on Malaysian Generation Y Compulsive Buying Behaviour. Int. J. Acad. Res. Bus. Soc. Sci. 2018, 8, 349–362.
  • Reisch, L. Women and Addictive Buying: The Gender Question Revisited. In El Consumo y la Adicción a las Compras. Diferentes Perspectivas; García, I., Olábarri, E., Eds.; Universidad del País Vasco: Leioa, Spain, 2001; pp. 169–195.
  • Ridgway, N.M.; Kukar-Kinney, M.; Monroe, K.B. An Expanded Conceptualization and a New Measure of Compulsive Buying. J. Consum. Res. 2008, 35, 622–639.
  • Rizzo, C.; Sestino, A.; Pino, G.; Guido, G.; Nataraajan, R.; Harnish, R.J. A Hierarchical Personality Approach toward a Fuller Understanding of Onychophagia and Compulsive Buying. Psychol. Rep. 2022, 126, 1322–1338.
  • Roberts, J.A.; Pirog, S.F. Personal Goals and Their Role in Consumer Behavior: The Case of Compulsive Buying. J. Mark. Theory Pract. 2004, 12, 61–73.
  • Roberts, J.A.; Pullig, C.; David, M. Family Conflict and Adolescent Compulsive Buying Behavior. Young Consum. 2019, 20, 208–218.
  • Robins, R.W.; Tracy, J.L.; Trzesniewski, K.; Potter, J.; Gosling, S.D. Personality Correlates of Self-Esteem. J. Res. Pers. 2001, 35, 463–482.
  • Rose, P. Mediators of the Association between Narcissism and Compulsive Buying: The Roles of Materialism and Impulse Control. Psychol. Addict. Behav. 2007, 21, 576–581.
  • Rose, P.; Segrist, D.J. Negative and Positive Urgency May Both Be Risk Factors for Compulsive Buying. J. Behav. Addict. 2014, 3, 128–132.
  • Rosenberg, M. Society and the Adolescent Self-Image; Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ, USA, 1965.
  • Scherhorn, G.; Reisch, L.; Raab, G. Addictive Buying in West Germany: An Empirical Study. J. Consum. Policy 1990, 13, 355–387.
  • Sfeir, E.; Hallit, S.; Akel, M.; Salameh, P.; Obeid, S. Smartphone Addiction and Personality Traits among Lebanese Adults: The Mediating Role of Self-Esteem. Psychol. Health Med. 2023, 28, 1190–1200.
  • Shi, M.; Liu, L.; Yang, Y.-L.; Wang, L. The Mediating Role of Self-Esteem in the Relationship between Big Five Personality Traits and Depressive Symptoms among Chinese Undergraduate Medical Students. Pers. Individ. Differ. 2015, 83, 55–59.
  • Simkin, H.; Pérez-Marín, M. Personalidad y Autoestima: Un análisis sobre el importante papel de sus relaciones. Ter. Psicol. 2018, 36, 19–25.
  • Sobel, M.E. Asymptotic Confidence Intervals for Indirect Effects in Structural Equation Models. Sociol. Methodol. 1982, 13, 290–312.
  • Tarka, P.; Harnish, R.J. Toward Better Understanding the Materialism-Hedonism and the Big Five Personality-Compulsive Buying Relationships: A New Consumer Cultural Perspective. J. Glob. Mark. 2023, 36, 165–192.
  • Tarka, P.; Kukar-Kinney, M. Compulsive Buying among Young Consumers in Eastern Europe: A Two-Study Approach to Scale Adaptation and Validation. J. Consum. Mark. 2022, 39, 106–120.
  • Tarka, P.; Kukar-Kinney, M.; Harnish, R.J. Consumers’ Personality and Compulsive Buying Behavior: The Role of Hedonistic Shopping Experiences and Gender in Mediating-Moderating Relationships. J. Retail. Consum. Serv. 2022, 64, 102802.
  • Uzarska, A.; Czerwi ´nski, S.K.; Atroszko, P.A. Measurement of Shopping Addiction and Its Relationship with Personality Traits and Well-Being among Polish Undergraduate Students. Curr. Psychol. 2021, 42, 3794–3810.
  • Villardefrancos, E.; Otero-López, J.M. Compulsive Buying in University Students: Its Prevalence and Relationships with Materialism, Psychological Distress Symptoms, and Subjective Well-Being. Compr. Psychiatry 2016, 65, 128–135.
  • Wang, C.-C.; Yang, H.-W. Passion for Online Shopping: The Influence of Personality and Compulsive Buying. Soc. Behav. Personal. Int. J. 2008, 36, 693–706.
  • Watson, D.; Suls, J.; Haig, J. Global Self-Esteem in Relation to Structural Models of Personality and Affectivity. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 2002, 83, 185–197.
  • Ye, J.; Lam, S.C.; He, H. The Prevalence of Compulsive Buying and Hoarding Behaviours in Emerging, Early, and Middle Adulthood: Multicentre Epidemiological Analysis of Non-Clinical Chinese Samples. Front. Psychol. 2021, 12, 568041.
  • Yurchisin, J.; Johnson, K.K.P. Compulsive Buying Behavior and Its Relationship to Perceived Social Status Associated with Buying, Materialism, Self-Esteem, and Apparel-Product Involvement. Fam. Consum. Sci. Res. J. 2004, 32, 291–314.
  • Zeigler-Hill, V.; Holden, C.J.; Enjaian, B.; Southard, A.C.; Besser, A.; Li, H.; Zhang, Q. Self-Esteem Instability and Personality: The Connections Between Feelings of Self-Worth and the Big Five Dimensions of Personality. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 2015, 41, 183–198.
  • Zeigler-Hill, V.; Wallace, M.T. Self-Esteem Instability and Psychological Adjustment. Self Identity 2012, 11, 317–342.
  • Zhang, Y.; Mei, S.; Li, L.; Chai, J.; Li, J.; Du, H. The Relationship between Impulsivity and Internet Addiction in Chinese College Students: A Moderated Mediation Analysis of Meaning in Life and Self-Esteem. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0131597.
  • Zhang, M.X.; Wang, X.; Yu, S.M.; Wu, A.M.S. Purpose in Life, Social Support, and Internet Gaming Disorder among Chinese University Students: A 1-Year Follow-up Study. Addict. Behav. 2019, 99, 106070.
  • Zhang, M.X.; Yang, H.M.; Tong, K.-K.; Wu, A.M.S. The Prospective Effect of Purpose in Life on Gambling Disorder and Psychological Flourishing among University Students. J. Behav. Addict. 2020, 9, 756–765.
  • Zheng, Y.; Yang, X.; Liu, Q.; Chu, X.; Huang, Q.; Zhou, Z. Perceived Stress and Online Compulsive Buying among Women: A Moderated Mediation Model. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2020, 103, 13–20.