Medidas de control parental en la regulación del uso de teléfonos inteligentes en la infancia

  1. Pablo-César Muñoz-Carril 1
  2. Alba Souto-Seijo 1
  3. Isabel Dans-Álvarez-de-Sotomayor 1
  4. Eduardo-José Fuentes-Abeledo 1
  1. 1 Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
    info

    Universidade de Santiago de Compostela

    Santiago de Compostela, España

    ROR https://ror.org/030eybx10

Revista:
Psychology, Society & Education

ISSN: 1989-709X 2171-2085

Ano de publicación: 2023

Volume: 15

Número: 3

Páxinas: 39-47

Tipo: Artigo

DOI: 10.21071/PSE.V15I3.16077 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDialnet editor

Outras publicacións en: Psychology, Society & Education

Resumo

The complexity of the current digital ecosystem calls for the development of parental control mechanisms to guide minors in their use of technology. This study aims to identify the type of parental control measures used by parents to monitor the use that school-age children (6 to 12 years old) make of smartphones. An ex post facto design was prepared after conducting a survey in which 885 people (68.7% mothers) took part. The results showed that 93.7% of the parents surveyed used some type of parental control system to regulate the use of the smartphone. The most frequently strategies were limiting the time when the device could be used and restricting access through passwords. The analysis revealed that parents with higher education used a greater number of control mechanisms. Similarly, the length of time the children were connected was related to the level and intensity of the parental control strategies used. Parents applied a greater number of parental control strategies with pre-adolescent children, in the last years of primary education. Finally, the challenges and opportunities that the use of smartphones can bring to children are discussed, and also the active role that the family should play in digital training and education.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Álvarez, K. A., Pilamunga, D. E., Mora, K. G., y Naranjo, M. K. (2020). Tiempo en pantalla (televisión, computadora, celular, tabletas) en las relaciones interpersonales entre niños de 8 a 12 años. Horizontes. Revista de Investigación en Ciencias de la Educación, 4(5), 258-266. https://doi.org/10.33996/revistahorizontes.v4i15.113
  • Andrade, B., Guadix, I., Rial, A., y Suárez, F. (2021). Impacto de la tecnología en la adolescencia. Relaciones, riesgos y oportunidades. UNICEF España.
  • Cánovas, G. (2021). Autorregulación digital. Cómo educar en el uso responsable de la tecnología. SM.
  • Chang, F. C., Chiu, C. H., Chen, P. H., Chiang, J. T., Miao, N. F., Chuang, H. Y., y Liu, S. (2019). Children’s use of mobile devices, smartphone addiction and parental mediation in Taiwan. Computers in Human Behavior, 93, 25-32. https://doi-org.ezbusc.usc.gal /10.1016/j.chb.2018.11.048
  • Charisi, V., Chaudron, S., Di Gioia, R., Vuorikari, R., Escobar Planas, M., Sánchez Martin, J. I., y Gómez Gutiérrez, E. (2022). Artificial intelligence and the rights of the child: Towards an integrated agenda for research and policy. Publications Office of the European Union. ht t ps://w w w.doi.org /10.2760/012329
  • Chen, V. H. H., y Chng, G. S. (2016). Active and restrictive parental mediation overtime: Effects on youths’ self-regulatory competencies and impulsivity. Computers & Education, 98, 206-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2016.03.012
  • Comisión Europea. (2018). Guidelines to respect, protect and fulfil the rights of the child in the digital environment. Recommendation CM/Rec (2018)7 of the Committee of Ministers (2018). Comisión Europea. https://bit.ly/41ybOwX
  • Comisión Europea. (2021). Resolución adoptada sobre los derechos digitales de los niños. Comisión Europea. https://bit.ly/3HAq8x2
  • Comisión Europea. (2022). A Digital Decade for children and youth: the new European strategy for a better internet for kids (BIK+).Comisión Europea. https://bit.ly/3p7mrIO
  • Condeza, R., Herrada-Hidalgo, N., y Barros-Friz, C. (2019). New parental mediation roles: Parents’ perceptions of their children’s relationship with multiple screens. Profesional de la Información. 28(4), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2019.jul.02
  • Criollo-C, S., Guerrero-Arias, A., Jaramillo-Alcázar, Á. y Luján-Mora, S. (2021) Mobile learning technologies for education: Bbenefits and pending issues. Applied Sciences, 11(9), Artículo 4111. ht t p s://d oi.o r g /10. 339 0/a p p110 9 4111
  • Dedkova, L., y Smahel, D. (2020). Online parental mediation: Associations of family members’ characteristics to individual engagement in active mediation and monitoring. Journal of Family Issues, 41(8), 1112 -1136. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X19888255
  • Eoh, Y., Lee, E., y Park, S. (2022). The relationship between children’s school adaptation, academic achievement, happiness, and problematic smartphone usage: A multiple informant moderated mediating model. Applied Research Quality Life, 17, 3579-3593. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-022-10080-w
  • Gaines, B. R. (2019). From facilitating interactivity to managing hyperconnectivity: 50 years of human-computer studies. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 131, 4-22. ht t ps://doi.org /10.1016/j.ijhcs.2019.05.007
  • Geržičáková, M., Dedkova, L., y Mýlek, V. (2023). What do parents know about children’s risky online experiences? The role of parental mediation strategies. Computers in Human Behavior, 141, Artículo 107626. ht t ps://doi.org /10.1016/j.chb.2022.107626
  • Glatz, T., Crowe, E., y Buchanan, C. M. (2018). Internet-specific parental self-efficacy: Developmental differences and links to Internet-specific mediation. Computers in Human Behavior, 84, 8 -17. htt ps://doi.org /10.1016/j.chb.2018.02.014
  • Hansen, A. (2021). Insta-Brain. Cómo nos afecta la dependencia digital en la salud y en la felicidad. RBA.
  • Jiménez-Morales, M., Montaña, M., y Medina-Bravo, P. (2020). Childhood use of mobile devices: Influence of mothers’ socioeducational level. Comunicar, 64, 21-28. htt ps://doi.org/10.3916/C64-2020-02
  • Kalmus, V., Blinka, L., y Olafsson, K. (2015). Does it matter what mama says: Evaluating the role of parental mediation in European adolescents’ excessive Internet use. Children & Society, 29(2), 122-133. ht t p s://d oi.o r g /10.1111/ch s o.12020
  • Kim, D., y Jahng, K. E. (2019). Children’s self-esteem and problematic smartphone use: The moderating effect of family rituals. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(12), 3446-3454. htt ps://doi.org /10.1007/s10826 - 019- 01526 -1
  • Livingstone, S., Ólafsson, K., Helsper, E. J., Lupiáñez-Villanueva, F., Veltri, G. A., y Folkvord, F. (2017). Maximizing opportunities and minimizing risks for children online: The role of digital skills in emerging strategies of parental mediation. Journal of Communication, 67(1), 82-105. htt ps://doi.o r g /10.1111/jc o m .12277
  • Livingstone, S., y Bloom-Ross, A. (2020). Parenting for a digital Futurefuture. How hopes and fears about technology shape children’s lives. Oxford University Press.
  • López-De-Ayala, M. C., Martínez-Pastor, E., y Catalina-García, B. (2019). Nuevas estrategias de mediación parental en el uso de las redes sociales por adolescentes. El Profesional de la Información, 28(5), Artículo e280523. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2019.sep.23
  • Männikkö, N., Ruotsalainen, H., Miettunen, J., Marttila-Tornio, K., y Kääriäinen, M. (2020). Parental socioeconomic status, adolescents’ screen time and sports participation through externalizing and internalizing characteristics. Helyon, 6(2), Artículo E03415. ht t ps://doi.org /10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03415
  • Martín-Ramallal, P., y Ruiz-Mondaza, M. (2022). Child protection agents and social networks. The TiKToK dilemma. Revista Mediterránea de Comunicación, 13(1), 31-49. htt ps://doi.org/10.14198/MEDCOM.20776
  • Martínez, G., Casado, M., y Garitaonandia, C. (2020). Online parental mediation strategies in family contexts of Spain. Comunicar, 65, 67-76. https://doi.org/10.3916/C65-2020-06
  • Matthes, J., Thomas, M. F., Stevic, A., y Schmuck, D. (2021). Fighting over smartphones? Parents’’ excessive smartphone use, lack of control over children’s use, and conflict. Computers in Human Behavior, 116, 1-8. ht t ps://doi.org /10.1016/j.chb.2020.106618
  • McMillan, J., y Schumacher, S. (2005). Investigación Educativa. Pearson Addison Wesley.
  • Muñoz-Carril, P. C., Dans-Alvarez-de-Sotomayor, I., Fuentes-Abeledo, E. J., y Platas-Ferreiro, M. L. (2022). Parents’ perceptions of their children’s smartphone use. Culture and Education, 34(4), 974 -1001. ht t ps://doi.org /10.1080/11356405.2022.2102295
  • Nikken, P., y Schols, M. (2015). How and why parents guide the media use of young children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 3423-3435. ht t ps://doi.org /10.1007/s10826 - 015- 0144 - 4
  • Padilla, S., Rodríguez, E., Torres, A., Suárez, A., y Rodrigo, M. J. (2015). The inf luence of the family educational scenario on internet use of primary and secondary school children. Journal for the study Study of education Education and Development, 38(2), 402-434. htt ps://doi.org /10.1080/02103702.2015.1016749
  • Pastor Ruiz, Y., Martín Nieto, R., y Montes Vozmediano, M. (2019). Patrones de uso, control parental y acceso a la información de los adolescentes en la red. Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico, 25(2), 995-1012. https://doi.org/10.5209/esmp.64821
  • Ramírez-García, A., González-Fernández, N., y Salcines-Talledo, I. (2023). Parental mediation and use of mobile devices –smartphones and tablets– in Spanish families. Journal of Family Issues, 44(3), 825-849. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X211055126
  • Ramos-Soler, I., López-Sánchez, C., y Torrecillas-Lacave, T. (2018). Percepción de riesgo online en jóvenes y su efecto en el comportamiento digital. Comunicar, 56, 71-79. htt ps://doi.org /10.3916/c56 -2018- 07
  • Rideout, V., y Robb, M. B. (2020). The common sense census: Media use by kids age zero to eight, 2020. Common Sense Media.
  • Rodríguez-de-Dios, I., Van Van Oosten, J. M. F., y Igartua, J. J. (2018). A study of the relationship between parental mediation and adolescents’ digital skills, online risks and online opportunities. Computers in Human Behavior, 82, 186-198. htt ps://doi.org /10.1016/j.chb.2018.01.012
  • Sánchez-Valle, M., De-Frutos-Torres, B., y Vázquez-Barrio, T. (2017). La inf luencia de los padres en la adquisición de habilidades críticas en Internet. Comunicar, 53, 103 -111. https://doi.org/10.3916/C53-2017-10
  • Schmuck, D., Stevic, A., Matthes, J., y Karsay, K. (2023). Out of control? How parents’ perceived lack of control over children’s smartphone use affects children’s self-esteem over time. New Media & Society, 25(1), 199-219. htt ps://doi.o r g /10.1177/14 614 4 48211011452
  • Shin, W., y Li, B. (2017). Parental mediation of children’s digital technology use in Singapore. Journal of Children and Media, 11(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2016.1203807
  • Shin, W., y Lwin, M. O. (2016). How does “talking about the Internet with others” affect teenagers’ experience of online risks? The role of active mediation by parents, peers, and school teachers. New Media & Society, 7, 110 9 -1126. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815626612
  • Smahel, D., Machackova, H., Mascheroni, G., Dedkova, L., Staksrud, E., Ólafsson, K., Livingstone, S., y Hasebrink, U. (2020). EU Kids Online 2020: Survey results from 19 countries. EU Kids Online. ht t ps://doi.org /10.21953/lse.47fdeq j01ofo
  • Sola, J. M., García Vidal, M., y Ortega Navas, M. (2019). Las implicaciones del uso de dispositivos móviles en el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje en alumnos de 5º y 6º de primaria. Pixel-bit, 55, 117-131. https://doi.org/10.12795/pixelbit.2019.i55.07
  • Sonck, N., y Dde Haan, J. (2014). Safety by literacy? Rrethinking the role of digital skills in improving online safety. En S. Van der Hof, B. Van den Berg, y B. Schermer (eds.) Minding minors wandering the web: Regulating online child safety (pp. 89-104). T.M.C. Asser Press. https://doi.org /10.1007/978-94 - 6265- 005-3_5
  • Symons, K., Ponnet, K., Emery, K., Walrave, M., y Heirman, W. (2017). A factorial validation of parental mediation strategies with regard to internet use. Psychologica Belgica, 57, 93 -111. htt ps://doi.org/10.5334/pb.372
  • Talves, K., y Kalmus, V. (2015). Gendered mediation of children’s internet use: A keyhole for looking into changing socialization practices. Cyberpsychology:Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 9(1), Artículo 4. ht t ps://doi.org /10.5817/CP2015-1- 4
  • Yang, X., Jiang, P., y Zhu, L. (2023). Parental problematic smartphone use and children’s executive function: The mediating role of technoference and the moderating role of children’s age. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 63, 219-227. htt ps://doi.org /10.1016/j.ecresq.2022.12.017