El issue de la inmigración en los votantes de VOX en las Elecciones Generales de noviembre de 2019

  1. Paloma Castro Martínez 1
  2. Diego Mo Groba 1
  1. 1 Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
    info

    Universidade de Santiago de Compostela

    Santiago de Compostela, España

    ROR https://ror.org/030eybx10

Revista:
RIPS: Revista de investigaciones políticas y sociológicas

ISSN: 1577-239X

Año de publicación: 2020

Volumen: 19

Número: 1

Páginas: 39-58

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.15304/RIPS.19.1.6947 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso abierto editor

Otras publicaciones en: RIPS: Revista de investigaciones políticas y sociológicas

Resumen

Si hay un tema que se ha asociado al auge de la extrema derecha en Europa occidental ha sido el issue de la inmigración. Mientras la mayoría de los autores han observado la presencia de actitudes hacia la inmigración entre los votantes de estos partidos políticos distintas de las del resto de votantes, algunos autores han llegado a denominar a estas formaciones políticas como “partidos antinmigrantes” o “partidos racistas” (Boomgaarden y Vliegenthart, 2007; Fennema, 1996, 1997; Van der Brug y Fennema, 2003, 2005; Van Spanje, 2017). La inmigración ha sido el issue vertebrador del discurso político de la extrema derecha, en el que se entremezclan otros problemas como la cobertura de las prestaciones sociales y la viabilidad del Estado del bienestar, la economía y el desempleo, y la delincuencia y la seguridad. En este trabajo, tras exponer una profunda revisión bibliográfica sobre la relación entre la extrema derecha y la inmigración, se muestran las percepciones acerca de este issue de los votantes de VOX en las pasadas Elecciones Generales de noviembre de 2019, comicios en los que la extrema derecha se consolida en España al convertirse en la tercera fuerza política. En nuestro análisis exploratorio, se observa que los votantes de VOX muestran actitudes más hostiles hacia los inmigrantes y los issues relacionados con la inmigración que los votantes de resto de formaciones políticas.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • AKKERMAN, Tjitske (2017) “Comparing Radical Right Parties in Government: Immigration and Integration Policies in Nine Countries (1996-2010)”, MUDDE, Cas (ed.) The Populist Radical Right. A Reader. New York: Routledge, 493-507
  • ALLEN, Trevor J. (2017) “All in the Party Family? Comparing Far Right Voters in Western and Post-Communist Europe”, Party Politics, 23(3), 274-285. En: https:// doi.org/10.1177/1354068815593457
  • ARTER, David (1992) “Black Faces in the Blond Crowd: Populism Racialism in Scandinavia”, Parliamentary Affairs, 45(3), 357-372. En: https://doi.org/10.1093/ oxfordjournals.pa.a052364
  • ARZHEIMER, Kay (2009) “Contextual Factors and the Extreme Right Vote in Western Europe, 1980-2002”, American Journal of Political Science, 53(2), 259- 275. En: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2009.00369.x
  • BETZ, Hans-George (1990) “Politics of Resentment. Right-wing Radicalism in West Germany”, Comparative Politics, 23, 45-60. En: https://doi.org/10.2307/422304
  • BETZ, Hans-George (1993) “The New Politics of Resentment: Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties in Western Europe” Comparative Politics, 25(4), 413-427. En: https://doi.org/10.2307/422034
  • BETZ, Hans-George (1994) Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe. Londres: McMillan
  • BETZ, Hans-George (2001) “Exclusionary Populism in Austria, Italy and Switzerland”, International Journal, 56(3), 393-420. En: https://doi. org/10.1177/002070200105600302
  • BETZ, Hans-George (2002) “Conditions Favoring the Success (and Failure) of Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties in Contemporary Democracies”, MENY, Yves e Yves, SUREL (ed.) Democracies and the Populist Challenge. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 197-213
  • BILLIET, Jaak y Hans DE WITTE (1995) “Attitudinal Dispositions to Vote for a “New” Extreme Right Party: The Case of the “Vlaams Block””, European Journal of Political Research, 27(2), 181-202. En: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.1995. tb00635.x
  • BOOMGAARDEN, Hajo G. y Rens VLIEGENTHART (2007) “Explaining the Rise of Anti-Immigrant Parties: The Role of News Media Content in the Netherlands”, Electoral Studies, 26(2), 404-417. En: https://doi.org/10.1016/j. electstud.2006.10.018
  • CARTER, Elisabeth (2005) The Extreme Right in Western Europe. Success or Failure? Manchester: Manchester University Press
  • CHAPIN, Wesley D. (1997) “Explaining the Electoral Success of the New Right: The German Case”, West European Politics, 20(2), 53-72. En: https://doi. org/10.1080/01402389708425191
  • CUTTS, David, Robert FORD y Matthew J. GOODWIN (2011) “Anti-Immigrant, Politically Disaffected or Still Racist After All? Examining the Attitudinal Drivers of Extreme Right Support in Britain in the 2009 European Elections”, European Journal of Political Research, 50, 418-440. En: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475- 6765.2010.01936.x
  • EATWELL, Roger (2000) “The Rebirth of the “Extreme Right” in Western Europe”, Parliamentary Affairs, 53(3), 407-425. En: https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/53.3.407
  • EATWELL, Roger (2017) “Ten Theories of the Extreme Right”, MUDDE, Cas (ed.) The Populist Radical Right. A Reader. New York: Routledge, 404-423
  • ESSES, Victoria M., Lynne M. JACKSON y Tamara L. AMSTRONG (1998) “Intergroup Competition and Attitudes Toward Immigrants and Immigration: An Instrumental Model of Group Conflict”, Journal of Social Issues, 54(4), 699- 724. En: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1998.tb01244.x
  • FENNEMA, Meindert (1996) Some Theorical Problems and Issues in Comparison of Anti-Immigrant Parties in Western Europe. Barcelona: Institut de Ciències Polítiques I Socials
  • FENNEMA, Meindert (1997) “Some Conceptual Issues and Problems in the Comparison of Anti-Immigration Parties in Western Europe”, Party Politics, 3, 473-492. En: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068897003004002
  • GOLDER, Matt (2003) “Explaining Variation in the Success of Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe”, Comparative Political Studies, 36(4), 432-466. En: https:// doi.org/10.1177/0010414003251176
  • HAINSWORTH, Paul (2008) The Extreme Right in Western Europe. New York: Routledge.
  • HELMS, Ludger (1997) “Right-Wing Populist Parties in Austria and Switzerland: A Comparative Analysis of Electoral Support and Conditions of Success”, West European Politics, 20(2), 37-52. En: https://doi.org/10.1080/01402389708425190
  • IGNAZI, Piero (1992) “The Silent Counter-Revolution. Hypotheses on the Emergence of Extreme Right-Wing Parties in Europe”, European Journal of Political Research, 22, 3-34. En: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.1992.tb00303.x
  • IVARSFLATEN, Elisabeth (2005) “Threatened by Diversity: Why Restrictive Asylum and Immigration Policies Appeal to Voters in Western Europe”, Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 15(1), 21-45. En: https://doi. org/10.1080/13689880500064577
  • IVARSFLATEN, Elisabeth (2008) “What Unites the Populist Right in Western Europe? Reexamining Grievance Mobilization Models in Seven Successful Cases”, Comparative Political Studies, 41(1), 3-23. En: https://doi. org/10.1177/0010414006294168
  • KESSLER, Alan E. y Gary P. FREEMAN (2005) “Support for the Extreme RightWing Parties in Western Europe: Individual Attributes, Political Attitudes, and National Context”, Comparative European Politics, 3, 261-288. En: https://doi. org/10.1057/palgrave.cep.6110063
  • KITSCHELT, Herbert (1995) The Radical Right in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press
  • LLOYD, John (2003) “The Closing of the European Gates? The New Populist Parties of Europe”, Political Quarterly, 74(10), 88-99. En: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467- 923X.2003.00583.x
  • LUBBERS, Marcel, Mérove GIJSBERTS y Peer SCHEEPERS (2002) “Extreme RightWing Voting in Western Europe”, European Journal of Political Research, 41, 345- 378. En: https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.00015
  • MEGUID, Bonnie M. (2005) “Competition Between Unequals: The Role of Mainstream Party Strategy in Niche Party Success”, American Political Science Review, 99(3), 347-359. En: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055405051701
  • MOLS, Frank y Jolanda JETTEN (2016) “Explaining the Appeal of Populist Right Wing Parties in Times of Economic Prosperity”, Political Psychology, 37(2), 275- 292. En: https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12258
  • MUDDE, Cas (2000) The Ideology of the Extreme Right. Manchester: Manchester University Press
  • MUDDE, Cas (2007) Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • MUDDE, Cas (2017) “The 2012 Stein Rokkan Lecture: Three Decades of Populist Radical Right Parties in Western Europe: So What?” MUDDE, Cas (ed.) The Populist Radical Right. A Reader. New York: Routledge, 527-540
  • MUDDE, Cas (2019) The Far Right Today. John Wiley & Sons
  • NORRIS, Pippa (2009) Derecha radical: votantes y partidos políticos en el mercado electoral. Madrid: Akal
  • OESCH, Daniel (2008) “Explaining Workers´Support for Right-Wing Populist Parties in Western Europe: Evidence from Austria, Belgium, France, Norway, and Switzerland”, International Political Science Review, 29(3), 349-373. En: https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512107088390
  • POLYAKOVA, Alina (2015) “The Backward East? Explaining Differences in Support for Radical Right Parties in Western and Eastern Europe”, Journal of Comparative Politics, 8(1), 49-74
  • RYDGREN, Jens (2003) “Meso-Level Reasons for Racism and Xenophobia. Some Converging and Diverging Effects of Radical Right Populism in France and Sweden”, European Journal of Social Theory, 6, 45-68. En: https://doi. org/10.1177/1368431003006001560
  • SMITH, Heather J., Thomas F. PETTIGREW, Gina M. PIPPIN y Silvana BIALOSIEWICZ (2012) “Relative Deprivation: A Theorical and Meta-Analytic Review” Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16(3), 203-232. En: https:// doi.org/10.1177/1088868311430825
  • SWYNGEDOUW, Marc (2001) “The Subjective, Cognitive and Affective Map of Extreme Right Votes: Using Open-Ended Questions in Exist Polls” Electoral Studies, 20(2), 217-241. En: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-3794(00)00010-X
  • VAN DER BRUG, Wouter, Meindert FENNEMA y Jean TILLIE (2000) “Antiimmigrant Parties in Europe: Ideological or Protest Vote?”, European Journal of Political Research, 37(2), 77-102. En: https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.00505
  • VAN DER BRUG, Wouter y Meindert FENNEMA (2003) “Protest or Mainstream? How the European Anti-Inmigrant Parties Developed into Two Separate Groups by 1999”, European Journal of Political Research, 42(1), 55-76. En: https://doi. org/10.1111/1475-6765.00074
  • VAN DER BRUG, Wouter, Meindert FENNEMA y Jean TILLIE (2005) “Why Some Anti-Immigrant Parties Fail and Others Succeed: A Two-Step Model of Aggregate Electoral Support”, Comparative Political Studies, 38(5), 537-573. En: https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414004273928
  • VAN SPANJE, Joost (2017) “Contagious Parties: Anti-Immigration Parties and their Impact on the Other Parties” MUDDE, Cas (ed.) The Populist Radical Right. A Reader. New York: Routledge, 474-492
  • ZÚQUETE, José Pedro (2017) “The European Extreme-Right and Islam: New Directions?” MUDDE, Cas (ed.) The Populist Radical Right. A Reader. New York: Routledge, 103-123