Dinámica de microcontaminantes orgánicos en aguas de riego aagrícola y su incorporación potencial en especies vegetales de interés agronómico

Resumo

Climatic change and a swift population and industrial growth have caused a severe decrease in the available freshwater resources. In the management of water scarceness the use of sustainable alternatives that improve the preservation of this vital resource becomes essential. A great example of a sustainable alternative is the use of reclaimed water in agricultural irrigation; since agricultural activities represent the world’s largest consumption of freshwater. The work carried out and compiled in this Thesis can be divided in two main sections; the first of which is focused on the evaluation of the chemical quality of waters used in agricultural irrigation and their impact on irrigated crops. In the second section the uptake of organic micropollutants is evaluated by means of two model plants. The target compounds included in the studies encompassed in this Thesis belong to different chemical classes, namely: pharmaceuticals and personal care products, prioritary pollutants and disinfection byproducts. Previously developed and validated analytical methodologies were employed in the determination of these compounds in water matrices; however in this Thesis a new analytical methodology for the determination of emergent micropollutants in vegetable matrices was developed and optimized. In the first section of this Thesis the chemical quality of irrigation waters of two agricultural regions of Catalonia, Torroella de Montgrí (TM) and Parc Agrari del Baix Llobregat (PABL), was evaluated. In TM an evaluation of river (Ter River) and reclaimed (WWTP-TM) waters was carried out. Even though, the river water displayed a higher frequency of detection or organic micropollutants, the total concentration of these compounds was superior in the WWTP-TM effluent. Alfalfa and apple crops irrigated with these waters showed quantifiable concentrations of 5 organic micropollutants (i.e., ibuprofen, naproxen, methyl dihydrojasmonate, caffeine and tonalide). In PABL, the application of two mathematical models was used to estimate the theoretical plant tissue concentration according to the concentration of the organic micropollutants present in the irrigation water. The models were further validated by comparing the theoretical plant tissue concentration obtained with their application with the experimental tissue concentration of the TM crops. The second part of this Thesis was concerned with evaluating the in vitro root incorporation of 6 organic micropollutants in two model plants (spath and lettuce). The uptake process of the target analytes and their posterior detoxification within the plant was characterized by calculating the kinetic constants of such processes. The physicochemical properties of the studied compounds (i.e., molecular mass and log Kow) were found to be determinant. The in vitro foliar incorporation of 11 target analytes in lettuce heart’s leaves was also undertaken. Relative humidity did not exert an statistically significant repercussion in the sorption of the studied compounds. However, the compound’s solubility, volatility and polarity were found to be statistically significant in such process.