Menores y consumo de cannabisun análisis por género y edad.

  1. Antonio Rial
  2. Francisco Otero
  3. David Liñares
  4. Sandra Feijóo
  5. Isabel Sanmartín
  6. Manuel Isorna
Revista:
Revista española de drogodependencias

ISSN: 0213-7615

Ano de publicación: 2022

Título do exemplar: Abordaje y actualización sobre el consumo de cannabis en la población española

Número: 47

Páxinas: 50-67

Tipo: Artigo

Outras publicacións en: Revista española de drogodependencias

Resumo

El consumo de cannabis sigue constituyendo a día de hoy uno de los principales problemas de salud pública en la población juvenil tanto española como europea. A las elevadas prevalencias de consumo actuales se unen nuevos formatos y nuevos rituales de consumo, niveles de THC significativamente mayores y edades de inicio especialmente tempranas, lo cual suscita una creciente preocupación social, especialmente cuando nos referimos a adolescentes. El presente trabajo, llevado a cabo con una muestra de casi 4.000 estudiantes de 12 a 17 años de la comunidad gallega, no sólo permite constatar los elevados niveles de consumo existentes a edades tempranas y tasas de consumo problemático alarmantes, sino que evidencia la interesante interacción entre las variables género y edad, que se da en las fases iniciales del consumo. Asumir que en términos generales puede haber o no diferencias de género en el consumo de cannabis implica ignorar el papel de las normas y roles de género en los procesos de socialización de las y los adolescentes. De forma más concreta, se ha constatado niveles de consumo y consumo problemático (evaluado a través del CAST) significativamente mayores entre las chicas a los 14-15 años, produciéndose una progresiva masculinización del consumo de cannabis a partir de dicha edad. Estos resultados poseen interesantes implicaciones a la hora de diseñar nuevas estrategias y políticas de prevención.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Aldington, S., Williams, M., Nowitz, M., Weatherall, M., Pritchard, A., McNaughton, A., Robinson, G. y Beasley, R. (2007). Effects of cannabis on pulmonary structure, function and symptoms. Thorax, 62, 1058–1063.
  • Alley, Z. M., Kerr, D. C. y Bae, H. (2020). Trends in college students’ alcohol, nicotine, prescription opioid and other drug use after recreational marijuana legalization: 2008–2018. Addictive behaviors, 102, 106212. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106212
  • Audrain-McGovern, J., Stone, M. D., Barrington-Trimis, J., Unger, J. B. y Leventhal, A. M. (2018). Adolescent e-cigarette, hookah, and conventional cigarette use and subsequent marijuana use. Pediatrics, 142(3), e20173616. https://doi. org/10.1542/peds.2017-361
  • Babor, T. F., Kranzler, H. R. y Lauerman, R. J. (1989). Early detection of harmful alcohol consumption: comparison of clinical, laboratory, and self-report screening procedures. Addictive Behaviors, 14, 139– 157. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306- 4603(89)90043-9
  • Bechtold, J., Simpson, T., White, H. R. y Pardini, D. (2015). Chronic adolescent marijuana use as a risk factor for physical and mental health problems in young adult men. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors: Journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, 29, 552–563.
  • Brabete, A. C., Greaves, L., Hemsing, N. y Stinson, J. (2020). Sex-and Gender-Based Analysis in Cannabis Treatment Outcomes: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(3), 872. https://doi. org/10.3390/ijerph17030872
  • Calakos, K. C., Bhatt, S., Foster, D. W. y Cosgrove, K. P. (2017). Mechanisms underlying sex differences in cannabis use. Current addiction reports, 4(4), 439–453. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s40429-017-0174-7
  • Callaghan, R. C., Sanches, M., Benny, C., Stockwell, T., Sherk, A. y Kish, S. J. (2019). Who consumes most of the cannabis in Canada? Profiles of cannabis consumption by quantity. Drug and alcohol dependence, 205, 1–8. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107587
  • Cantos-Vicent, R. (2016). Hombres, mujeres y drogodependencias. Explicación social de las diferencias de género en el consumo problemático de drogas [Men, women and drug addictions Social explanation of gender differences in problematic drug use]. Fundación Atenea. https://pnsd. sanidad.gob.es/gl/profesionales/publicaciones/catalogo/bibliotecaDigital/ publicaciones/pdf/Hombres-mujeres-ydrogodependencias.pdf
  • Chabrol, H., Roura, C. y Armitage, J. (2003). Bongs, a method of using cannabis linked to dependence. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 48(10), 709–709. https://doi. org/10.1177/070674370304801011
  • Chandra, S., Radwan, M. M., Majumdar, C. G., Church, J. C., Freeman, T. P. y ElSohly, M. A. (2019). New trends in cannabis potency in USA and Europe during the last decade (2008–2017). European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 269, 5–15.
  • Cooper, Z. D. y Craft, R. M. (2018). Sexdependent effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: a translational perspective. Neuropsychopharmacology, 43(1), 34–51. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2017.140
  • Davis, C. y Fattore, L. (2015). Gender differences in cannabis addiction and dependence. En P. Campolongo y L. Fattore (Eds.), Cannabinoid modulation of emotion, memory, and motivation (pp. 283–325). Springer.
  • Degenhardt, L., Whiteford, H. A., Ferrari, A. J., Baxter, A. J., Baxter, A. J., Charlson, F. J., Hall, W. D., Freedman, G., Burstein, R., Johns, N., Engell, R. E., Flaxman, A., Murray, C. J. L. y Vos, T. (2013). Global burden of disease attributable to illicit drug use and dependence: Findings from the global burden of disease study 2010. The Lancet, 382, 1564–1574. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61530-5
  • Di Forti, M., Quattrone, D., Freeman, T. P., Tripoli, G., Gayer-Anderson, C., Quigley, H., … Van der Ven, E. (2019). The contribution of cannabis use to variation in the incidence of psychotic disorder across Europe (EU-GEI): A multicentre case-control study. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 6, 427–436.
  • Di Forti, M., Sallis, H., Allegri, F., Trotta, A., Ferraro, L., Stilo, S., Marconi, V., La Cascia, C., Marques, T. R., Pariante. C., Dazzan, P., Mondelli, V., Paparelli, A., Kolliakou, A., Prata, D., Gaughran, F., David, A. S., Morgan, C., Stahl, D., … Murray, R. M. (2014). Daily use, especially of highpotency cannabis, drives the earlier onset of psychosis in cannabis users. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 40, 1509–1517. https:// doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbt181
  • Ehlers, C. L., Gizer, I. R., Vieten, C., Gilder, D. A., Stouffer, G. M., Lau, P. y Wilhelmsen, K. C. (2010). Cannabis dependence in the San Francisco Family Study: age of onset of use, DSM-IV symptoms, withdrawal, and heritability. Addictive behaviors, 35(2), 102–110. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.09.009
  • Espada-Sánchez, J. P., Gonzálvez-Maestre, M. T. y Amorós, M. O. (2018). Substance Use in Spanish Adolescents: The Relationship between Depression and Social Support Seeking. Health & Addictions / Salud y Drogas, 18(2), 27–33. https:// doi.org/10.21134/haaj.v18i2.337
  • European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2020a). ESPAD report 2019: results from the European school survey project on alcohol and other drugs. Publications Office.
  • Fischer, B., Russell, C., Sabioni, P., van den Brink, W., Le Foll, B., Hall, W., Rehm, J. y Room, R. (2017). Lower-Risk cannabis use guidelines: A comprehensive update of evidence and recommendations. American Journal of Public Health, 107, 1277–1277. https:// doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303818
  • Franconi, F., Campesi, A., Colombo, D. y Antonini, P. (2019). Sex-Gender Variable: Methodological Recommendations for Increasing Scientific Value of Clinical Studies. Cells, 8(5), 476. https://doi. org/10.3390/cells8050476
  • García-Couceiro, N., Isorna, M., Braña, T., Varela, J., Gandoy, M. y Rial, A. (2022). El uso de la cachimba entre los adolescentes. Posibles implicaciones y variables asociadas. Adicciones, en prensa.
  • Gobbi, G., Atkin, T., Zytynski, T., Wang, S., Askari, S., Boruff, J., Ware, M., Marmorstein, N., Cipriani, A., Dendukuri, N. y Mayo, N. (2019). Association of Cannabis Use in Adolescence and Risk of Depression, Anxiety, and Suicidality in Young Adulthood: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 76(4), 426–434. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.4500
  • Grevenstein, D., Nagy, E. y Kroeninger-Jungaberle, H. (2015). Development of risk perception and substance use of tobacco, alcohol and cannabis among adolescents and emerging adults: evidence of directional influences. Substance Use & Misuse, 50, 376–386. https://doi.org/1 0.3109/10826084.2014.984847
  • Guxens, M., Nebot, M. y Ariza, C. (2007). Age and sex differences in factors associated with the onset of cannabis use: a cohort study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 88(2-3), 234–243. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.10.018
  • Hall, W. y Degenhardt, L. (2009). Adverse health effects of non-medical cannabis use. The Lancet, 374, 1383–1391. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140- 6736(09)61037-0
  • Hart-Hargrove, L. C. & Dow-Edwards, D. L. (2012). Withdrawal from THC during adolescence: sex differences in locomotor activity and anxiety. Behavioural Brain Research, 231, 48–59. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.bbr.2012.02.048
  • Hasan, A., von Keller, R., Friemel, C. M., Hall, W., Schneider, M., Koethe, D., Leweke, F. M., Strube, W. y Hoch, E. (2020). Cannabis use and psychosis: a review of reviews. European Archives of Psychiatry Clinical Neuroscience, 270, 403–412. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s00406-019-01068-z
  • Hasan, S.S., Shaikh, A., Ochani, R.K., Ashrafi, M.M., Ansari, Z.N., Abbas, S.H., Abbasi, M.K., Ashraf, M.A., Ali, W. (2021) Perception and practices regarding cannabis consumption in Karachi, Pakistan: A crosssectional study. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance abuse. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 20(3), 471-489. https://doi.org/10 .1080/15332640.2019.1667287
  • Heidari, S., Babor, T. F., De Castro, P., Tort, S. y Curno, M. (2016). Sex and Gender Equity in Research: rationale for the SAGER guidelines and recommended use. Research Integrity and Peer Review, 1(2). https://doi. org/10.1186/s41073-016-0007-6
  • Hemsing, N. y Greaves, L. (2020). Gender norms, roles and relations and cannabisuse patterns: a scoping review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(3), 947. https://doi. org/10.3390/ijerph17030947
  • Hindley, G., Beck, K., Borhan, F., Ginestet, C. E., McCutcheon, R., Kleinloog, D., Ganesh, S., Radhakrishnan, R., D’Souza, D. C. y Howes, O. D. (2020). Psychiatric symptoms caused by cannabis constituents: a systematic review and metaanalysis. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(4), 344– 353. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215- 0366(20)30074-2
  • IBM Corp. Released (2017). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0 [Statistical software]. IBM Corp.
  • Isorna, M. y Arias, F. (2022). Una aproximación al panorama actual de las nuevas formas de consumo de drogas. Adicciones, 34(1), 3-12. http://doi.org/10.20882/ adicciones.1787
  • Isorna, M., Rial, A. y Pascual, M. (2020). El consumo de cannabis desde la evidencia científica: el peligro de banalizar el consumo y riesgos de una posible legalización o regularización. Health and addictions: salud y drogas, 20(1), 1–4. https://doi. org/10.21134/haaj.v20i1.503
  • Kandel, D. B. (2003). Does marijuana use cause the use of other drugs? Journal of the American Medical Association, 289, 482–483. https://doi.org/10.1001/ jama.289.4.482
  • Khan, S. S., Secades-Villa, R., Okuda, M., Wang, S., Pérez-Fuentes, G., Kerridge, B. T. y Blanco, C. (2013). Gender differences in cannabis use disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions. Drug and alcohol dependence, 130, 101–108. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.10.015
  • Legleye, S., Piontek, D. y Kraus, L. (2011). Psychometric properties of the Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST) in a French sample of adolescents. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 113, 229–235. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.08.011
  • Limesurvey, G. H. (2003). LimeSurvey: An Open Source survey tool [Software]. LimeSurvey GmbH.
  • López, A. D. y Collishaw, N. E. (1994). A descriptive model of the cigarette epidemic in developed countries. Tobacco Control, 3(3), 242–347. https://doi. org/10.1136/tc.3.3.242
  • Marconi, A., Di Forti, M., Lewis, C. M., Murray, R. M. y Vassos, E. (2016). Meta-analysis of the association between the level of cannabis use and risk of psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 42(5), 1262–1269. https:// doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbw003
  • Martín-Montañez, E., Barón-López, F. J., Lamia, L. R., Molina, J. P., Páez, J. M. y Amaya, I. S. (2011). Consumo de alcohol, tabaco, cannabis y otras sustancias psicoactivas en estudiantes de la Universidad de Málaga. Trastornos adictivos, 13(4), 160–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1575- 0973(11)70032-0
  • Merrill, R. M. (2015). Use of marijuana and changing risk perceptions. American journal of health behavior, 39(3), 308–317. https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.39.3.3
  • Midgette, G., Caulkins, J. P., Davenport, S. y Kilmer, B. G. (2019). What America’s Users Spend on Illegal Drugs, 2006-2016. RAND Corporation. https://www. rand.org/pubs/research_reports/ RR3140.html
  • Murray, R. M., Quigley, H., Quattrone, H., Englund, A. y Di Forti, M. (2016). Traditional marijuana, high-potency cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids: increasing risk for psychosis. World Psychiatry, 15(3), 195– 204. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20341
  • National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine [NASEM] (2017). The health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: The current state of evidence and recommendations for research. The National Academies Press. https://doi. org/10.17226/24625
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse [NIDA] (2019). Monitoring the Future Survey Raises Worries about Teen Marijuana Vaping. National Institute on Drug Abuse. https://www.drugabuse.gov/about-nida/noras-blog/2019/12/2019-monitoring-future-survey-raises-worries-aboutteen-marijuana-vaping on 2020, July 20.
  • Observatorio Español de las Drogas y las Adicciones y Delegación del Gobierno para el Plan Nacional sobre Drogas (2021). En cuesta sobre el uso de drogas en enseñanzas secundarias en España (ESTUDES) 1994- 2021. Delegación del Gobierno para el Plan Nacional sobre Drogas, Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios sociales e Igualdad.
  • Observatorio Español de las Drogas y las Adicciones. Monografía Cannabis 2022. Consumo y consecuencias. Ministerio de Sanidad. Delegación del Gobierno para el Plan Nacional sobre Drogas.
  • Papaseit, E., Pérez-Mañá, C., Pérez-Acevedo, A.P., Hladun, O., Torres-Moreno, M.C., Muga, R., Torrens. M. y Farré, M (2018). Cannabinoids: from pot to lab. Int J Med Sci. Aug, 15(12), 1286-1295. https://doi. org/10.7150%2Fijms.27087
  • Rial, A., Burkhart, G., Isorna, M., Barreiro, C., Varela, J. y Golpe, S. (2019). Consumo de cannabis entre adolescentes: patrón de riesgo, implicaciones y posibles variables explicativas [Cannabis use among adolescents: risk pattern, implications and possible explicative variables]. Adicciones, 31(1), 64–77. https://doi. org/10.20882/adicciones.1212
  • Rial, A., García-Couceiro, N., Gómez, P., Mallah, N., Varela, J., Flórez, G. e Isorna, M. (2022). Psychometric properties of CAST for early detection of problematic cannabis use in Spanish adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 129, 107288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. addbeh.2022.107288
  • Romo-Avilés, N. (2011). Cannabis, juventud y género: Nuevos patrones de consumo, nuevos modelos de intervención [Cannabis, Youth and Gender: New Patterns of Consumption, New Models of Intervention]. Trastornos adictivos, 13(3), 91– 93. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1575- 0973(11)70019-8
  • Rowland, B., Jonkman, H., Williams, J., Kremer, P. y Toumbourou, J. W. (2019). Community variation in adolescent cannabis use in Australia and the Netherlands. Addictive behaviors, 90, 204–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. addbeh.2018.10.027
  • Salloum, N. C., Krauss, M. J., Agrawal, A., Bierut, L. J. y Grucza, R. A. (2018). A reciprocal effects analysis of cannabis use and perceptions of risk. Addiction, 113(6), 1077–1085. https://doi. org/10.1111/add.14174
  • Schlienz, N. J., Budney, A. J., Lee, D. C. y Vandrey, R. (2017). Cannabis withdrawal: A review of neurobiological mechanisms and sex differences. Current Addiction Reports, 4, 75–81. https://doi. org/10.1007/s40429-017-0143-1
  • Sherman, B. J., Baker, N. L. y McRae-Clark, A. L. (2016). Gender differences in cannabis use disorder treatment: change readiness and taking steps predict worse cannabis outcomes for women. Addictive behaviors, 60, 197–202. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.04.014
  • Shi, Y., Lenzi, M. y An, R. (2015). Cannabis liberalization and adolescent cannabis use: a cross-national study in 38 countries. PLoS One, 10(11), 1–15. https:// doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0143562
  • Simón, M. J., Fuentes, R. M., Garrido, M., Serrano, M. D., Díaz, M. y Yubero, S. (2020). Perfil de consumo de drogas en adolescentes. Factores protectores. Medicina de Familia. SEMERGEN, 46(1), 33–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semerg.2019.06.001
  • Tetrault, J. M., Crothers, K., Moore, B. A., Mehra, R., Concato, J. y Fiellin, D. A. (2007). Effects of marijuana smoking on pulmo nary function and respiratory complications: a systematic review. Archives of internal medicine, 167(3), 221–228. https:// doi.org/10.1001/archinte.167.3.221
  • The ESPAD Group (2020). ESPAD Report 2019. Results from the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs. Publications Office of the European Union. http://www.espad.org/espadreport-2019
  • United Nations General Assembly (1995). Report of the Fourth WorldConference on Women. United Nations General Assembly. https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/fwcwn.html
  • United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2020). World Drug Report 2020. Drug use and helth consequences. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. https:// wdr.unodc.org/wdr2020/
  • Van der Steur, S. J., Batalla, A. y Bossong, M. G. (2020). Factors Moderating the Association Between Cannabis Use and Psychosis Risk: A Systematic Review. Brain sciences, 10(2), 97. https://doi. org/10.3390/brainsci10020097
  • Wilkinson, A. L., Fleming, P. J., Halpern, C. T., Herring, A. H. y Harris, K. M. (2018). Adherence to gender-typical behavior and high-frequency substance use from adolescence into young adulthood. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 19(1), 145–155. https://doi.org/10.1037/ men0000088
  • Wilson, J., Freeman, T. P. y Mackie, C. J. (2019). Effects of increasing cannabis potency on adolescent health. The Lancet. Child & adolescent health, 3(2), 121– 128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352- 4642(18)30342-0
  • Winters, K. C., Stinchfield, R. D., Henly, G. A. y Schwartz, R. H. (1990). Validity of adolescent self-report of alcohol and other drug involvement. International Journal of the Addictions, 25, 1379–1395. https:// doi.org/10.3109/10826089009068469