The Occupy and Indignados movement and the importance of political context: differences between occasionals and regulars in Spain and the UK
-
1
Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
info
ISSN: 2254-7088
Ano de publicación: 2016
Volume: 5
Número: 1
Páxinas: 29-46
Tipo: Artigo
Outras publicacións en: European Journal of Government and Economics
Resumo
In this work we look into the individuals’ reasons that led Occupy protesters to participate in this movement. We interviewed Occupy participants in the UK and Spain. We wanted to find out if the reasons that lead them to participate are the same in both countries. The context of the country where the demonstration was held was taken into account, as well as the differences there may be in the reasons for participation if we consider whether they are occasional or regular participants in collective protest actions. Using a two-by-two design defined by country of demonstration and the history of mobilisation (occasional vs. regular), our results show important differences in both factors. The study contributes to the literature, highlighting the importance of analysing the context where the demonstration takes place and which motives must be underlined in order to attract participants to protests.
Referencias bibliográficas
- Alexander, Amy C., Ronald Inglehart, and Christian Welzel (2012) ‘Measuring effective democracy: A defense’, International Political Science Review 33(1): 41–62.
- Anderson, Chistopher J., and Silvia M. Mendes (2006) ‘Learning to lose: Election outcomes, democratic experience and political protest potential’, British Journal of Political Science 36(1): 91-111.
- Anduiza, Eva, Camilo Cristancho, and José M. Sabucedo (2013) ‘Mobilization through online social networks: The political protest of the Indignados in Spain’ Information, Communication & Society, 17(6): 750-764.
- Biggs, Michael (2014) ‘Has protest increased since the 1970s? How a survey question can construct a spurious trend’ The British Journal of Sociology 66(1): 142-161.
- Costanza-Chock, Sasha (2012) ‘Mic check! Media cultures and the Occupy movement’ Social Movement Studies 11(3-4): 375-385.
- Dalton, Russell, Alix van Sickle, and Steven Weldon (2009) ‘The individual-institutional nexus of protest behavior’ British Journal of Political Science 40(1): 51-73.
- Democracia Real Ya! (2014). Manifiesto. Retrieved from http://www.democraciarealya.es/.
- European Social Survey (2012): Data file edition 6.2. Norwegian Social Science Data Services. Retrieved from http://ess.nsd.uib.no/, in March, 2012.
- Eurostat (2012) Euro-indicators. Retrieved online 2015-02-04 from http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat.
- Farnsworth, Kevin, and Zoë Irving (2012) ‘Varieties of crisis, varieties of austerity: Social policy in challenging times’, Journal of Poverty and Social Justice 20(2): 133-147.
- Feixa, C. (2013) ’The #spanishrevolution and Beyond, Fieldsights. Hot spots, cultural anthropology online, Retrieved from http://www.culanth.org/fieldsights/68-the-spanishrevolution-and-beyond on February 14th, 2013.
- Gamson, William A. (1992) Talking politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Gledhill, Jim (2012) ‘Collecting Occupy London: Public collecting institutions and social protest movements in the 21st century’ Social Movement Studies 11(3-4): 342-348.
- Gómez-Román, Cristina, and José M. Sabucedo (2014) ‘The importance of political context: Motives to participate in a protest before and after the labor reform in Spain’ International Sociology 29(6): 546-564.
- Grasso, Maria, and Marco Giugni (2013) Anti-Austerity Movements: Old Wine in New Vessels? Paper prepared for the XXVII Meeting of the Italian Political Science Association (SISP), 12-14 September, Florence.
- Gurr, Ted R. (1970) Why men rebel. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Halvorsen, Sam (2012) ‘Beyond the network? Occupy London and the Global Movement’, Social Movement Studies, 11(3-4): 427-433.
- Halvorsen, Sam (2015) ‘Taking space: Movements of rupture and everyday life in Occupy London’, Antipode 47(2). 401-417.
- Heath, Anthony, Geoffrey Evans, and Jean Martin (1994) ‘The measurement of core beliefs and values: The development of balanced socialist/laissez faire and libertarian/authoritarian scales’, British Journal of Political Science 24(1): 115-132.
- Hooghe, Marc, and Anna Keern (2013) ‘Party membership and closeness and the development of trust in political institutions: An analysis of the European Social Survey, 2002–2010’ Party Politics, 21(6): 944-956.
- Hornsey, Matthew J., Leda Blackwood, Winnifred Louis, Kelly Fielding, Ken Mavor, Thomas Morton, Anne O’Brien, Karl-Erik Paasonen, Joanne Smith, and Katherine M. White (2006) ‘Why do people engage in collective action? Revisiting the role of perceived effectiveness’, Journal of Applied Social Psychology 36(7): 1701–1722.
- Howard, Neil, and Keyra Pratt-Boyden (2013) ‘Occupy London as pre-figurative political action’, Development in Practice 23(5-6): 729-741
- Inglehart, Ronald (1990) Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
- Instituto Nacional de Estadística (2011) Encuesta de población activa. Retrieved online 2015-02-04 from http://www.ine.es/.
- Jiménez-Sánchez, Manuel (2011) La normalización de la protesta. El caso de las manifestaciones en España (1980-2008). Madrid: Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas.
- Klandermans, Bert (1984) ‘Mobilization and participation: Social-psychological expansions of resource mobilization theory’, American Sociological Review, 49(5): 583–600.
- Klandermans, Bert, and Jackie Smith (2002) Survey research: A case for comparative designs, in Bert Klandermans, and Suzanne Staggenborg (eds.), Methods of social movement research. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 3-31.
- Klandermans, Bert, Jacquelien van Stekelenburg, Marie-Louise van Damen, Anouk van Leeuwen, and Dunya van Troost (2014). Mobilization without organization: The case of unaffiliated demonstrators. European Sociological Review, 30(6): 702-716.
- Kelly, Caroline, and Sara Breinlinger (1996) The social psychology of collective action. Basingstoke, England: Taylor & Francis.
- Langman, Lauren (2013) ‘Occupy: A new social movement’, Current Sociology 1(4): 510-524.
- Lewin, Kurt (1936) Principles of Topological Psychology. Nueva York: McGraw-Hill.
- Manilov, Marianne (2013) ‘Occupy at one year: Growing the roots of a movement’, The Sociological Quarterly 54(2): 206-213.
- McNally, David (2010) Global Slump: The Economics and Politics of Crisis and Resistance. Oakland, CA: PM Press/Spectre.
- Moscovici, Serge (1979) El psicoanálisis, su imagen y su público. Buenos Aires: Huemul S.A.
- Nie, Norman H., Sydney Verba, and John R. Petrocik (1979) The changing American voter. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Occupy London (2014) Occupy London Statements. Retrieved from http://occupylondon.org.uk/ Pickerill, Jenny, and John Krinsky (2012) ‘Why does Occupy matter?’, Social Movement Studies 11(3-4): 279-287.
- Reicher. Steve D. (1996) ‘The Battle of Westminster: Developing the social identity model of crowd behaviour in order to explain the initiation and development of collective conflict’, European Journal of Social Psychology 26(1): 115-134.
- Rüdig, Wolfgang, and Georgios Karyotis (2013) ‘Beyond the usual suspects? New participants in anti-austerity protests in Greece’, Mobilization: An International Journal 18(3): 313-330.
- Sabucedo, José M., Mar Durán, and Mónica Alzate (2010) ‘Identidad colectiva movilizada’, Revista de Psicología Socia, 25(2): 189-201.
- Saunders, Clare, Maria Grasso Cristiana Olcese, Emily Rainsford, and Christopher Rootes (2012) ‘Explaining differential protest participation: Novices, returners, repeaters, and stalwarts’, Mobilization: An International Journal 17(3): 263-280.
- Simon, Bernd, Stegan Stürmer, Michael Loewy, Ulrike Weber, Peter Freytag, Corinna Habig, Claudia Kampmeier, and Peter Spahlinger (1998) ‘Collective identification and social movement participation’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74(3): 646-658.
- Stürmer, Stefan, and Bernd Simon (2004) ‘Collective action: Towards a dual-pathway model, European Review of Social Psychology 15(1): 59-99.
- Tarrow, Sidney G. (1991) Struggle, politics, and reform: Collective action, social movements and cycles of protest. Ithaca, NY: Center for International Studies, Cornell University.
- Tejerina, Benjamín, Ignacia Perugorría, Tova Benski, and Lauren Langman (2013) ‘From indignation to occupation: A new wave of global movilization’, Current Sociology 64(1): 377-392.
- Thomas, Emma F., and Winnifred R. Louis (2013) ‘Doing democracy: The social psychological mobilization and consequences of collective action’, Social Issues and Policy Review 7(1); 173—200.
- Tilly, Charles (1986) The contentious French. Four centuries of popular struggle. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- Tversky, Amos, and Daniel Kahneman (1981) The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice, Science 211(4481); 455-458.
- van Stekelenburg, J., and Bert Klandermans (2010) ‘Individuals in movements: A social psychology of contention’ in Bert Klandermans and Conny M. Roggeband (Eds.), The handbook of social movements across disciplines. New York: Springer, pp. 157–204.
- van Stekelenburg, Jacquelien (2012) ‘The occupy movement: Product of this time’ Development 55(2): 224-231.
- van Stelekelenburg, Jacquelien, Stefaan Walgrave, Bert Klandermans, and Joris Verlhust (2012) ‘Contextualizing contestation: Framework, design, and data’, Mobilization: An International Journal 17(3): 249-262.
- van Zomeren, Martijn, Tom Postmes, and Russell Spears (2008) ‘Toward an integrative social identity model of collective action: A quantitative research synthesis of three socio-psyhological perspectives’ Psychological Bulletin 134(4); 353-372.
- Verhulst, Joris, and Stefaan Walgrave (2009) ‘The first time is the hardest? A cross-national and cross-issue comparison of first-time protest participants’, Political Behavior 31(3); 455-484.
- Walgrave, Stefaan, and Dieter Rucht (2010) The world says no to war. Demonstrations against the war on Angerq. Minneapolis, MN: University Of Minnesota Press.
- Walgrave, Stefaan, and Joris Verhulst (2011) ‘Selection and response bias in Protest Surveys’, Mobilization: An International Quarterly 16(2); 203-222.
- Zimbardo, Philip G. (2007) The Lucifer effect. Understanding how good people turn evil. New York: Random House.