¿Existe overtourism en Santiago de Compostela? Contribuciones para un debate ya iniciado

  1. Lopez, Lucrezia 1
  2. Pazos Otón, Miguel 1
  3. Piñeiro Antelo, María de los Ángeles 1
  1. 1 Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, España
Revista:
Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles

ISSN: 0212-9426,  2605-3322

Ano de publicación: 2019

Número: 83

Tipo: Artigo

DOI: 10.21138/BAGE.2825 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDialnet editor

Outras publicacións en: Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles

Resumo

Over the past decade, the concept of “overtourism” has been approached both theoretically and empirically. This research analyses it in the city of Santiago de Compostela (Spain). It is the destination of an international urban tourism and of The Way of St. James, the First European Cultural itinerary and one of the most important pilgrimage routes in the World. Its marketing promotion since 1993 has produced a continuous growth that is translated into an increasing number of pilgrims’ arrivals. Tourism and pilgrimage data of the last years raise debates about the carrying capacity and overtourism in an historical centre of 169,9 hectares. For all that, the main aim of this work is to reflect on the contemporary evolution marked by these tourism trends and, above all, to introduce reflections and opinions of different local stakeholders to support a sustainable tourism development. From the methodological point of view, multiple approaches to contemporary tourism research are adopted and quantitative and qualitative methodologies are combined. The results introduce a new conceptual proposal based on the combination of variables (space, time and society) when dealing with the process of overtourism in Santiago de Compostela.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Aldrey, J. A. (1999). Análise da poboación na área urbana de Santiago de Compostela. Santiago de Compostela: Consorcio de Santiago.
  • Alegre, J., & Pou, L. (2006). The length of stay in the demand for tourism. Tourism Management, 27, 1343–1355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.06.012
  • Almeida García, F. (2006). Tipología de visitante turístico y satisfacción de la experiencia turística en Santiago de Compostela. Baetica. Estudios de Arte Geografía e Historia, 28, 231–258. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/baetica.2006.v1i28.260.
  • Almeida García, F., Balbuena Vázquez, A., & Cortés Macías, R. (2015). Resident’s attitudes toward the impacts of tourism. Tourism Management Perspective, 13, 33–40.
  • Arnberger, A., & Brandenburg, C. (2007). Past On-Site Experience, Crowding Perceptions, and Use Displacement of Visitor Groups to a Peri-Urban National Park. Environmental Management, 40(1), 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-004-0355-8
  • Augé, M. (1984). Los no-lugares. Espacios del anonimato. Barcelona: Gedisa.
  • Barata-Salgueiro, T., Mendes, L., & Guimarães, P. (2017). Tourism and urban changes: Lessons from Lisbon. In M. Gravari-Barbas & S. Guinand (Coords.), Tourism and gentrification in contemporary metropolises (pp. 255–275). London: Routledge.
  • Blanco-Romero, A., Blázquez-Salom, M., & Morrell, M. (2018). Turismofobia como arma arrojadizo. ABACO. Revista de Cultura y Ciencias Sociales, 4, 55–64.
  • Bramwell, B. (2006). Actors, power, and discourses of growth limits. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(4), 957–978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2006.04.001
  • Butler, R. (1980). The Concept of a Tourist Area Cycle of Evolution: Implications for Management of Resources. Canadian Geographer. Le Géographe Canadien, 24, 5–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0064.1980.tb00970.x
  • Calle Vaquero, M. de la (2002). La ciudad histórica como destino turístico. Barcelona: Ariel.
  • Caramés Viéitez, L. (2018). Informe executivo sobre a taxa turística. Retrieved from http://www.santiagoturismo.com/files/2018/03/InformeTaxaTursticaPdf.pdf
  • Castro Fernández, B. M., Lois González, R., & Lopez, L. (2016). Historic city, tourism performance and development: The balance of social behaviours in the city of Santiago de Compostela (Spain). Tourism and Hospitality Research, 16(3) 282–293. https://doi.org/10.1177/1467358415578473
  • CETUR, & SA Xacobeo (2007–2010). Observatorio Estadístico do Camiño de Santiago 2007, 2008, 2009 e 2010. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela: Xunta de Galicia y Centro de Estudios Turísticos.
  • CETUR (2018). Estudo da caracterización da demanda turística de Santiago de Compostela. Ano 2017. http://www.santiagoturismo.com/files/2018/04/INFORMEANUAL2017.pdf
  • Cheer, J. (2017). Resilience in the visitor economy: Cultural economy, human social networks, and slow change in the regional periphery. In J. Cheer & A. A. Lew (Coords.), Tourism, resilience and sustainability: Adapting to social, political and economic change (pp. 103–115). London: Routledge.
  • Cheer, J., Cole, S., Reeves, K., & Kato, K. (2017). Tourism and Islandscapes-Cultural realignment, social-ecological resilience and change. Shima, 11(1), 40–44. Retrieved from http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/31751/1/g.-Cheer-et-al-Shima-v11n1.pdf
  • Colomb, C., & Novy, J. (2016). Protest and resistance in the tourist city. London: Routledge.
  • Doxey, G. (1975). A causation theory of visitor–resident irritants, methodology and research inferences. The impact of tourism. In Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Conference Proceedings of the Travel Research Associations (pp. 195–198). San Diego, CA, USA, September.
  • Dredge, D. (2017). "Overtourism" Old wine in new bottles? https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/overtourism-old-wine-new-bottles-dianne-dredge
  • Escudero Gómez, L. A. (2019). Residents’ Opinions and Perceptions of Tourism Development in the Historic City of Toledo, Spain. Sustainability, 11, 3854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11143854
  • Fernández, M., & Riveiro, D. (2018). Estudio del impacto socioeconómico del Camino de Santiago. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela & Axencia de Turismo de Galicia.
  • Forster, J. (1964). The sociological consequences of tourism. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 5, 217–227.
  • Fraternidad Internacional del Camino de Santiago (2014). Manifiesto de Villafranca del Bierzo. l Foro Internacional “El Legado de Elías Valiña”. Villafranca del Bierzo: FICS. Retrieved from http://www.xacobeo.fr/ZF1.05.gest_Villafranca-2014_es.pdf
  • Freytag, T., & Bauder, M. (2018). Bottom-up touristification and urban transformations in Paris. Tourism Geographies, 20(3), 443–460. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2018.1454504
  • García-Hernández, M., & de la Calle-Vaquero, M. (2012). Capacidad de carga en grandes recursos turístico-culturales. Anales de Geografía, 32(2), 253–274.
  • García-Hernández, M., de la Calle-Vaquero, M., & Yubero, C. (2017). Cultural Heritage and Urban Tourism: Historic City Centres under Pressure. Sustainability, 9(8), 1346. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9081346
  • Gigirey, A. (2003). Turismo cultural en espacios sagrados desde la perspectiva de los residentes. Un estudio de la Catedral de Santiago de Compostela. Estudios Turísticos, 158, 79–108.
  • González-Pérez, J. (2019). The dispute over tourist cities. Tourism gentrification in the historic Centre of Palma (Majorca, Spain). Tourism Geographies. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2019.1586986
  • González, J., & Santos Solla, X. (2007). Historical cities and tourism in Spain. In D. Guoqing (Ed.), Tourism and urban transformation (pp. 49–72). Tokio: Rikkyo University Press.
  • Goodwin, H. (2017). Seasonality, Cruises and Overtourism: Coping with Success Retrieved from https://news.wtm.com/seasonality-cruises-and-overtourism-coping-with-success/
  • Goodson, L, & Phillimore, J. (2004). Qualitative Research in Tourism. Ontologies, Epistemologies and Methodologies. London: Routledge.
  • Gössling, S., Ring, A., Dwyer, L., Andersson, A. C., & Hall, C. M. (2016) .Optimizing or maximizing growth? A challenge for sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24(4), 527–548. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2015.1085869
  • Gravari-Barbas, M., & Guinand, S. (2017). Tourism and gentrification in contemporary metropolises. London: Routledge.
  • Gravari-Barbas, M., & Jacquot, S. (2017). Tourism-related tensions in Paris. In C. Colomb & J. Novy (Coords.), Protest and resistance in the tourist city (pp. 73–89). London: Routledge.
  • Huete, R., & Mantecón, A. (2018). El auge de la turismofobia ¿hipótesis de investigación o ruido ideológico? Pasos, 16(1), 9–19. https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2018.16.001.
  • José de Oliveira, I., & Taboada-de-Zuñiga Romero, P. (2015). Cartografia do turismo em Santiago de Compostela, Espanha. Boletim Goiano de Geografia, 35(3), 397–416. https://doi.org/10.5216/bgg.v35i3.38831
  • Jover Báez, J. (2019). Geografía comercial de los centros históricos: entre la gentifricación y la patrimonialización. El caso de Sevilla. Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles, 82, 2788, 1-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21138/bage.2788
  • Kerstetter, D., & Bricker, K. (2009). Exploring Fijian’s sense of place after exposure to tourism development. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17(6), 691–708. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580902999196
  • Koens, K., Postma, A., & Papp, B. (2018). Is Overtourism Overused? Understanding the Impact of Tourism in a City Context. Sustainability, 10, 4384. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124384
  • Lopez, L., & Pazos Otón, M. (2009). La Rivalutazione Turistica di Santiago de Compostela e del suo Cammino”. In P. Persi (Coord.), Territori contesi–Campi del sapere, identità locali, istituzioni, progettualità paesaggistica (pp. 415–420). Pollenza (Macerata): Grafiche Ciocca.
  • Martín-Duque, C. (2017). Los impactos del turismo en el Camino de Santiago Francés: una aproximación cualitativa. Methaodos. Revista de ciencias sociales, 5(1), 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17502/m.rcs.v5i1.155
  • Martín-Duque, C., & Morère-Molinero, N. (2019). La evaluación de la capacidad de carga perceptual en el Camino de Santiago Francés: una aproximación cuantitativa. Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles, 82, 2682, 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21138/bage.2682
  • McKinsey & Company. (2017). Coping with Success: Managing overcrowding in tourist destinations. Retrieved from https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Industries/Travel%20Transport%20and%20Logistics/Our%20Insights/Coping%20with%20success%20Managing%20overcrowding%20in%20tourism%20destinations/Coping-with-success-Managing-overcrowding-in-tourism-destinations.ashx
  • Mermet, A. (2017). Critical insights from the exploratory analysis of the ‘Airbnb syndrome’ in Reykjavík. In M. Gravari-Barbas & S. Guinand (Coords.), Tourism and gentrification in contemporary metropolises (pp. 52–75). London: Routledge.
  • Milano, C. (2017). Overtourism y Turismofobia. Tendencias globales y contextos locales. Barcelona: Ostelea School of Tourism & Hospitality.
  • Milano, C. (2018) Overtourism, malestar social y turismofobia. Un debate controvertido. PASOS: Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 16(3), 551–564. https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2018.16.041
  • Milano, C., Cheer, J. M., & Novelli, M. (2018). Overtourism: A growing global problem. The Conversation. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/overtourism-a-growing-global-problem-100029
  • Mínguez, C., Piñeira, M. J., & Fernández-Tabales, A. (2019). Social Vulnerability and Touristification of Historic Centers. Sustainability, 11(16), 4478. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11164478
  • Misrahi, T. (2017). Wish you weren’t here: What can we do about over-tourism? World Economic Forum Weekly Update, 19 September. Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/09/what-can-we-do-aboutovertourism/
  • Muñoz, F. (2008). Urbanalización: paisajes comunes, lugares globales. Barcelona: Gustavo Gili.
  • Navarro, E., Damian, I. M., & Fernández, A. (2013). Carrying Capacity model applied in coastal destinations. Annals of Tourism Research, 43, 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2013.03.005
  • Nguyen, T. A., & Shadrin, N. V. (2008). Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Vietnam: Pattern and Perspectives. Journal of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, 23, 297–304.
  • Nofre, J., Giordano, E., Eldridge, A., Martins, J.C., & Sequera, J. (2018). Tourism, nightlife and planning: Challenges and opportunities for community liveability in La Barceloneta. Tourism Geographies, 20, 377–396. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2017.1375972
  • Nogueira, A. (2018). Spleen en catro tempos. Noia: Toxosoutos.
  • Novelli, S., Martínez Roget, F., Murias Fernández, P., & De Miguel Domínguez, C. (2013). Xacobeo. De un recurso a un evento turístico global. Santiago de Compostela: Andavira Editora.
  • Oficina del Peregrino. Informes Estadísticos. Retrieved from www.archicompostela.org
  • O’Reilly, A. M. (1986). Tourism carrying capacity: Concept and issues. Tourism Management, 7(4), 254–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(86)90035-X
  • Papathanassis, A. (2017). Over-tourism and anti-tourist sentiment: An exploratory analysis and discussion. Ovidius University Annals, Economic Sciences Series, 17(2), 288–293. Retrieved from http://stec.univ-ovidius.ro/html/anale/RO/2017-2/Section%20III/25.pdf
  • Pérez Guilarte, Y., & Lois González, R. C. (2018). Sustainability and visitor management in tourist historic cities: the case of Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 13(6). https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2018.1435665
  • Pinkster, F. M., & Boterman, W. R. (2017). When the spell is broken: Gentrification, urban tourism and privileged discontent in the Amsterdam canal district. Cultural Geographies, 24(3), 457–472. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474474017706176
  • Pizam, A. (1978). Tourism’s Impacts: The Social Costs to the Destination Community as Perceived by Its Residents. Journal of Travel Research, 16, 8–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728757801600402
  • Ramil, F., Casado, C:, Fernández, J., & Neira, C. (2018). As Vivendas de uso Turístico nas Cidades Históricas. Retrieved from http://santiagodecompostela.gal/medi/Baners/Estudovivendasusotursticofinal.pdf
  • Richards, G., & Munsters, W. (2010). Developments in Tourism Research. In G. Richards & W. Munsters (Coords.), Cultural Tourism Research Methods (pp. 1–12). Oxfordshire: CABI International Publishing.
  • Rodríguez, X. A., Martínez-Roget, F., & González-Murias, P. (2018). Length of stay: Evidence from Santiago de Compostela. Annals of Tourism Research, 68, 9–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2017.11.001
  • Rosenow, J. E., & Pulsipher, G. L. (1979). Tourism the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. Lincoln: Media Productions & Marketing.
  • Rouleau, J. (2017). Every (nocturnal) tourist leaves a trace: Urban tourism, nighttime landscape, and public places in Ciutat Vella. Barcelona. Imaginations, 7(2), 58–71.
  • Santos Solla, X. M. (1999). Mitos y realidades del Xacobeo. Boletín de la Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles, 27, 103–117. Retrieved from https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=1318654
  • Santos Solla, X. (2006). El Camino de Santiago. Turistas y Peregrinos hacia Compostela. Cuadernos de Turismo, 18, 135–150. Retrieved from https://revistas.um.es/turismo/article/view/17791
  • Santos Solla, X. M. (2013). Living in the same but different city. Plurimondi, VI, 65–84.
  • Santos, X., & Lopez, L. (2019). Gestíon Turística en Ciudades Históricas. Santiago de Compostela. Estudios Turísticos, 217–218, 195–204.
  • Santos Solla, X. M., Pena Cabrera, L. (2014). Management of Tourist Flows. The Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela. Pasos. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 12(4), 719–735. https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2014.12.052
  • Saarinen, J. (2013). Critical sustainability: Setting the limits to growth and responsibility in tourism. Sustainability, 6(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su6010001
  • Saarinen, J. (2018). What are wilderness areas for? Tourism and political ecologies of wilderness uses and management in the Anthropocene. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1456543
  • Séraphin, H., Yallop, A., Căpățînă, A., Gowreesunkar, G. B. (2018a). Heritage in tourism organisations' branding strategy: The case of a post-colonial, post-conflict and post-disaster destination, International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 12(1), 89–105. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCTHR-05-2017-0057
  • Séraphin, H., Sheeran, P., & Pilato, M. (2018b). Over-tourism and the fall of Venice as a destination. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 9, 374–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2018.01.011
  • Sheivachman, A. (2017). Proposing Solutions to Overtourism in Popular Destinations: A Skift Framework. Retrieved from https://skift.com/2017/10/23/proposing-solutions-to-overtourism-in-popular-destinations-a-skift-framework/
  • Shelby, B., & Heberlin, T. (1986). Carrying capacity in recreation settings. Oregon: Oregon State University Press.
  • Shoval, N. (2018). Urban planning and tourism in European cities. Tourism Geographies, 20, 371–376. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2018.1457078
  • Smith, M. K., Sziva, I. P., & Olt, G. (2019). Overtourism and Resident Resistance in Budapest. Tourism Planning & Development. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2019.1595705
  • Sommer, C., & Helbrecht, I. (2017). Seeing like a tourist city: How administrative constructions of conflictive urban tourism shape its future. Journal of Tourism Futures, 3(2), 157–170. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-07-2017-0037
  • UNWTO (2018). Overtourism? Understanding and Managing Urban Tourism Growth beyond Perceptions; Madrid: UNWTO.
  • Vianello, M. (2017). The no grandi campaign: Protests against cruise tourism in Venice. In C. Colomb & J. Novy (Coords.), Protest and resistance in the tourist city (pp. 171–190). London: Routledge.
  • Visentin, F. & Bertocchi, D. (2019). Venice: An Analysis of Tourism Excesses in an Overtourism. In C. Milano, J. Cheer, & M. Novelli (Coords.), Overtourism: Excesses, Discontents and Measures in Travel and Tourism (pp. 18–38). Oxfordshire: CABI.
  • Wagar, J. A. (1964). The carrying capacity of wild lands for recreation. Forest Science, 10. Retrieved from http://www.nstrail.com/carrying_capacity/carrying_capacity_of_wild_lands_for_recreation_wagar_1964.pdf
  • Weiss, M., & Cattaneo, C. (2017). Degrowth – Taking Stock and Reviewing an Emerging Academic Paradigm. Ecological Economics, 137, 220–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.01.014
  • Wilson, J., & Tallon, A. (2012). Geographies of gentrification and tourism. In J. Wilson (Coord.), The Routledge Handbook of Tourism Geographies (pp. 103–112). London: Routledge.
  • Xunta de Galicia (2017). Estrategia 2020 del turismo de Galicia. Santiago de Compostela: Xunta de Galicia, Cluster de Turismo, Turismo de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, 2017. Retrieved from https://www.turismo.gal/canle-institucional/turismo-de-galicia/a-axencia/estratexia-do-turismo-de-galicia-2020
  • Yanes, S. (2017, August 15). Operación turismofobia. El País. Cinco Días. Retrieved from https://cincodias.elpais.com/cincodias/2017/08/14/companias/1502723297_610226.html?id_exte rno_rsoc=TW_CC
  • Yazdi, S. K., & Khanalizadeh, B. (2017). Tourism demand: A panel data approach. Current Issues in Tourism, 20(8), 787–800. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2016.117077
  • AENA. Estadística de tráfico aéreo. Retrieved from http://www.aena.es/csee/Satellite?pagename=Estadisticas/Home
  • Consorcio de Santiago (2018). Ayuntamiento de Santiago. Jorge Duarte y Marta Lois González. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eF2g-sFyCqw
  • IGE, Instituto Gallego de Estadísticas (2019). Retrieved from https://www.ige.eu/web/mostrar_actividade_estatistica.jsp?idioma=es&codigo=0305002
  • Agencia Gallega de Turismo. Retrieved from https://www.turismo.gal/aei/portal/index.php
  • INE, Instituto Nacional de Estadística (2019). Encuestas de ocupación hotelera. Retrieved from http://www.ine.es/dynt3/inebase/es/index.htm?padre=238&dh=1
  • Pichler, A. (2012). The Venice Syndrome [Documentary]. Retrieved from http://www.rai.it/dl/RaiTV/programmi/media/ContentItem-7756e595-90c1-4c05-ba8c-36b46a617c7a.html
  • Rebhan, N. A. T. (2009). Welcome Goodbye Berlin [Documentary]. Retrieved from https://www.welcomegoodbye.de/
Fonte de datos: Dialnet