Clase e ideología en Españapatrones de diferenciación y de cambio

  1. Lucía Medina 1
  2. Miguel Caínzos 2
  1. 1 Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
    info

    Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona

    Barcelona, España

    ROR https://ror.org/052g8jq94

  2. 2 Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
    info

    Universidade de Santiago de Compostela

    Santiago de Compostela, España

    ROR https://ror.org/030eybx10

Revista:
Revista de estudios políticos

ISSN: 0048-7694

Ano de publicación: 2018

Número: 181

Páxinas: 97-133

Tipo: Artigo

DOI: 10.18042/CEPC/REP.181.04 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDialnet editor

Outras publicacións en: Revista de estudios políticos

Resumo

The aim of this article is to study changes in class patterns of ideological differentiation in Spain. We do this in three steps, using for that purpose ten general election surveys and more than 200 opinion polls taken from the Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas database. Firstly, we depict the evolution of the ideological self-placement of members of different occupational classes during the last three decades; we identify changes that, in spite of their modest magnitude, imply a qualitative alteration of the formerly prevailing pattern of ideological differentiation. Secondly, we show that these changes are not simply a by-product of the makeover of the socio-demographic, educational and sector composition of classes. Finally, we try to find out whether the observed changes are due to a process of generational replacement, finding this to be so only in part. We close the article outlining three possible explanations that should be tested in future research.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Barone, C., Lucchini, M. y Sarti, S. (2007). Class and Political Preferences in Europe: A Multilevel Analysis of Trends over Time. European Sociological Reveiw, 23 (3), 373-392. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcm009.
  • Bartle, J., Orriols, L. y Bosch, A. (2014). The Spanish Policy Mood, 1978-2012. 8th ECPR General Conference. Glasgow, 3-6 de septiembre.
  • Beck, U. (2007). Beyond Class and Nation: Reframing Social Inequalities in a Globalizing World. British Journal of Sociology, 58 (4), 679-705. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2007.00171.x.
  • Bengtsson, M., Berglund, T. y Oskarson, O. (2013). Class and ideological orientations revisited: An exploration of class-based mechanisms. British Journal of Sociology, 64 (4), 691-716. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12033.
  • Brint, S. (1984). «New-Class» and Cumulative Trend Explanation of the Liberal Political Attitudes of Professionals. American Journal of Sociology, 90 (1), 30-69. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1086/228047.
  • Brooks, C. y Svallfors, S. (2010). Why Does Class Matter? Policy Attitudes, Mechanisms, and the Case of the Nordic Countries. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 28 (2), 199-213. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2010.01.003.
  • Caínzos, M. (2001). La evolución del voto clasista en España. 1986-2001. Zona Abierta, 96-97, 91-172.
  • Caínzos, M. y Voces, C. (2010). Class Inequalities in Political Participation and the «Death of Class» Debate. International Sociology, 25 (3), 383-418. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580909360298.
  • Carabaña, J. (2001). Clase, voto y políticas sociales en España, 1982-2000. Zona Abierta, 96-97, 7-57.
  • Connelly, R., Gayle, V. y Lambert, P. S. (2016). A Review of occupation-based social classifications for social survey research. Methodological Innovations, 9, 1-14. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1177/2059799116638003.
  • Corbetta, P., Cavazza, N. y Roccato, M. (2009). Between Ideology and Social Representation: Four Theses Plus (a New) One on the Relevance and the Meaning of the Political Left and Right. European Journal of Political Research, 48 (5), 622-641. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2009.00845.x.
  • De Graaf, N. D. y Steijn, B. (1996). The Service Class in a Post-Industrial Society. Attitudes and behaviour of the social and cultural specialists in the public sector. RC28 de la International Sociological Association. Estocolmo.
  • Elff, M. (2009). Social divisions, party positions, and electoral behaviour. Electoral Studies, 28 (2), 297-308. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2009.02.002.
  • Erikson, R. y Goldthorpe, J. H. (1992). The Constant Flux: A Study of Class Mobility in Industrial Societies. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Evans, G. (1993). The Decline of Class Divisions in Britain? Class and Ideological Preferences in the 1960s and the 1980s. British Journal of Sociology, 44 (3), 449-471. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.2307/591812.
  • Evans, G. (2000). The Continued Significance of Class Voting. Annual Review of Political Science, 3, 401-417. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.3.1.401.
  • Evans, G. (2017). Social Class and Voting. En K. Arzheimer, J. Evans y M. S. Lewis-Beck (eds.). The SAGE Handbook of Electoral Behaviour (vol. 1). London: Sage. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473957978.n9.
  • Evans, G. y De Graaf, N. D. (2013). Political Choice Matters: Explaining the Strength of Class and Religious Cleavages in Cross-National Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199663996.001.0001.
  • Evans, G. y Tilley, J. (2012). How Parties Shape Class Politics: Explaining the Decline of the Class Basis of Party Suport. British Journal of Political Science, 42 (1), 137-161. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123411000202.
  • Evans, G. y Tilley, J. (2017). The New Politics of Class: The Political Exclusion of the British Working Class. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198755753.001.0001.
  • Firebaugh, G. (1997). Analyzing Repeated Surveys. Thousand Oaks: Sage. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412983396.
  • Firebaugh, G. (2008). Seven Rules for Social Research. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Freire, A. (2006). Esquerda e direita na politica europeia. Portugal, Espanha e Grécia em perspectiva comparada. Lisboa: Imprensa de Ciências Sociais.
  • Fuchs, D. y Klingemann, H. (1990). The Left-Right Scheme. Theoretical Framework. En M. Jennings, J. W. van Deth et al. (eds.). Continuities in Political Action. A Longitudinal Study of Political Orientations in Three Western Democracies. New York: Walter de Gruyter.
  • Gayo, M. (2013). Revisiting middle-class politics: a multidimensional approach. Evidence from Spain. The Sociological Review, 61, 814-837. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-954X.12084.
  • Goldthorpe, J. H. (2000). On Sociology: Numbers, narratives, and the integration of research and theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Goldthorpe, J. H. y McKnight, A. (2006). The economic basis of social class. En S. L. Morgan, D. Grusky y G. S. Fields (eds.). Mobility and Inequality: Frontiers of Research in Sociology and Economics. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • González, J. J. (1996). Clases, ciudadanos y clases de ciudadanos. Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 74, 45-76. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.2307/40183885.
  • Güveli, A., Need, A. y De Graaf, N. D. (2007a). Socio-political, Cultural and Economic Preferences and Behaviour of the Social and Cultural Specialists versus the Technocrats: Social Class or Education? Social Indicators Research, 81 (3), 597-631. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-006-9000-7.
  • Güveli, A., Need, A. y De Graaf, N. D. (2007b). The Rise of «New» Social Classes within the Service Class in The Netherlands: Political orientations of social and cultural specialists and technocrats between 1970 and 2003. Acta Sociologica, 50 (2), 129-146. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1177/0001699307077655.
  • Heath, A. y Savage, M. (1995). Political alignments within the middle classes, 1972-89. En T. Butler y M. Savage (eds.). Social Change and the Middle Classes. London: UCL Press.
  • Inglehart, R. y Klingemann, H. (1976). Party Identification, Ideological Preference and the Left-Right Dimension among Western Mass Publics. En I. Budge et al. (eds.), Party Identification and Beyond. Representations of Voting and Party Competition. London: Wiley.
  • Janssen, G., Evans, G. y De Graaf, N. D. (2013). Class voting and left-right party positions: A comparative study of 15 western democracies, 1960-2005. Social Science Research, 42, 376-400. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.09.007.
  • Kingston, P. (2000). The Classless Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Kitschelt, H. (1994). The Transformation of European Social Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511622014.
  • Kitschelt, H. y Rehm, P. (2014). Occupations as a site of political preference formation. Com-parative Political Studies, 47 (12), 1670-1706. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414013516066.
  • Kriesi, H. (1989). New Social Movements and the New Class in the Netherlands. American Journal of Sociology, 94 (5), 1078-1116. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1086/229112.
  • Lachat, R. y Dolezal, M. (2008). Demand side: Dealignment and realignment of the structural political potentials. En H. Kriesi et al. (eds.). West European Politics in the Age of Globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Macy, M. W. (1988). New-Class Disent among Social-Cultural Specialists: The Effects of Occupational Self-Direction and Location in the Public Sector. Sociological Forum, 3 (3), 325-356. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01116430.
  • Manza, J., Hout, M. y Brooks, C. (1995). Class Voting in Capitalist Democracies Since World War II: Dealignment, Realignment, or Trendless Fluctuation? Annual Review of Sociology, 21: 137-162. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.21.080195.001033.
  • McCall, L. y Manza, J. (2011). Class differences in social and political attitudes in the United States. En L. R. Jacobs y R. Shapiro (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of American Public Opinion and the Media. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199545636.003.0034.
  • Medina, L. (2015a). Izquierda y derecha en España. Un estudio longitudinal y comparado. Madrid: Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas.
  • Medina, L. (2015b). Partisan supply and voters’ positioning on the left-right scale in Europe. Party Politics, 21 (5), 775-790. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068813509513.
  • Oesch, D. (2008). The changing shape of class voting: An individual-level analysis of party support in Britain, Germany and Switzerland. European Societies, 10 (3), 329-355. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616690701846946.
  • Orriols, L. (2013). Social class, religiosity, and vote choice in Spain, 1979-2008. En G. Evans y N. D. de Graaf (eds.). Political choice matters: Explaining the strength of class and religious cleavages in cross-national perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199663996.003.0014.
  • Oskarson, M. (2005). Social structure and party choice. En J. Thomassen (ed.). The European Voter. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1093/0199273219.003.0004.
  • Pakulski, J. y Waters, M. (1996). The Death of Class. London: Sage.
  • Pisati, M. (2010). Voto di classe. Posizione sociale e preferenze politiche in Italia. Bologna: Il Mulino.
  • Przeworski, A. y Sprague, J. (1986). Paper Stones: A History of Electoral Socialism. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Rennwald, L. y Evans, G. (2014). When Supply Creates Demand: Social Democratic party Strategies and the Evolution of Class Voting. West European Politics, 37 (5), 1108-1135. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2014.920981.
  • Rodríguez Menés, J. (1997). Elecciones y hegemonía política en España. Revista Internacional de Sociología, 16, 83-114.
  • Stimson, J. A. (1999). Public Opinion in America: Moods, Cycles, and Swings. Boulder: Westview Press.
  • Svallfors, S. (2006). The Moral Economy of Class: Class and attitudes in comparative perspective. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Torcal, M. y Medina, L. (2002). Ideología y voto en España, 1979-2000: los procesos de reconstrucción racional de la identificación ideológica. Revista Española de Ciencia Política, 6, 57-96.
  • Torcal, M. y Medina, L. (2007). La competencia electoral entre PSOE y PP: el peso de los anclajes de ideología, religión y clase. En J. R. Montero, I. Lago, y M. Torcal (eds.). Elecciones generales, 2004. Madrid, Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas.
  • Van de Werfhorst, H. G. y De Graaf, N. D. (2004). The Sources of Political Orientations in Post-Industrial Society: Social class and education revisited. British Journal of Sociology, 55 (2), 211-235. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2004.00016.x.
  • Wlezien, C. (1995). The Public as Thermostat: Dynamics of Preferences for Spending. American Journal of Political Science, 39 (4), 981-1000. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.2307/2111666.
  • Wright, E. O. (1989). Women in the Class Structure. Politics and Society, 17 (1), 35-66. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1177/003232928901700102.
Fonte de datos: Dialnet