The EU’s Sustainable Blue Economy: The Role of Artificial Reefs in Achieving the Climate Neutrality Goal

  1. Oanta, Gabriela A. 2
  2. Arranz, Asunción López 2
  3. Barros, Juan José Cartelle 2
  4. Otero, Xose Luis 1
  5. Agras, Guillermo Díaz 1
  6. Couce, Luis Carral 2
  1. 1 Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
    info

    Universidade de Santiago de Compostela

    Santiago de Compostela, España

    ROR https://ror.org/030eybx10

  2. 2 Universidade da Coruña
    info

    Universidade da Coruña

    La Coruña, España

    ROR https://ror.org/01qckj285

Actas:
Springer Series on Naval Architecture, Marine Engineering, Shipbuilding and Shipping

ISSN: 2194-8445,  2194-8453

ISBN: 9783031497988,  9783031497995

Ano de publicación: 2024

Páxinas: 429-438

Tipo: Achega congreso

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-49799-5_61 GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso aberto editor

Resumo

This article addresses the role that artificial reefs (ARs) can play in achieving the EU’s goal of climate neutrality for the year 2050. After the publication of the Green European Deal and the communication of the Sustainable Blue Economy, the EU has made a firm commitment to a digital and ecological transition, in which the seas and oceans should play a key role in terms of climate neutrality. The design, manufacture, transport and installation of ARs present many challenges such as the conflict of legal regimes in terms of the use of marine areas, the potential support from the EU for the protection and restoration of marine ecosystems through the installation of ARs, among others. All these issues should be analysed to assess the extent to which ARs can help in the achievement of climate neutrality.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • COM(2019) 640 final, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions—The European Green Deal, Brussels, 11.12.2019
  • COM(2021) 240 final, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on a new approach for a sustainable blue economy in the EU: Transforming the EU’s Blue Economy for a Sustainable Future, Brussels, 17.05.2021
  • Houghton, R.A.: Balancing the global carbon budget. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 35, 313–347 (2007)
  • Simon, N., Cras, A.L., Foulon, E., Lemée, R.: Diversity and evolution of marine phytoplankton. C. R. Biol. 332, 159–170 (2009)
  • Bouillon, S., Borges, A.V., Castañeda-Moya, E., Diele, K., Dittmar, T., Duke, N.C., Kristensen, E., Lee, S.Y., Marchand, C., Middelburg, J.J., et al.: Mangrove production and carbon sinks: a revision of global budget estimates. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle 22, GB20134 (2008).
  • Macreadie, P.I., Anton, A., Raven, J.A., Beaumont, N., Connolly, R.M., Friess, D.A., Kelleway, J.J., Kennedy, H., Kuwae, T., Lavery, P.S., et al.: The future of blue carbon science. Nat. Commun. 10, 3998 (2019). J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 10, 1184 23 of 34 (2022)
  • Saunders, M.I., Doropoulos, C., Bayraktarov, E., Babcock, R.C., Gorman, D., Eger, A.M., Vozzo, M.L., Gillies, C.L., Vanderklift, M.A., Steven, A.D.L., et al.: Bright spots in coastal marine ecosystem restoration. Curr. Biol. 30, R1500–R1510 (2020)
  • Filbee-Dexter, K.: Ocean forests hold unique solutions to our current environmental crisis. One Earth 2, 398–401 (2020)
  • Waltham, N.J., Elliott, M., Lee, S.Y., Lovelock, C., Duarte, C.M., Buelow, C., Simenstad, C., Nagelkerken, I., Claassens, L., Wen, C.K.C., et al.: UN decade on ecosystem restoration 2021–2030—what chance for success in restoring coastal ecosystems? Front. Mar. Sci. 7, 71 (2020)
  • Visch, W., Kononets, M., Hall, P.O.J., Nylund, G.M., Pavia, H.: Environmental impact of kelp (Saccharina latissima) aquaculture. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 155, 110962 (2020)
  • Kim, D., Jung, S., Na, W.B.: Efficiency index diagram for wake region evaluation of artificial reefs facilitated for marine forest creation. J. Adv. Res. Ocean. Eng. 2, 169–178 (2016)
  • Hilmi, N., Chami, R., Sutherland, M.D., Hall-Spencer, J.M., Lebleu, L., Benitez, M.B., Levin, L.A.: The role of blue carbon in climate change mitigation and carbon stock conservation. Front. Clim. 3, 710546 (2021)
  • Mcleod et al.: A blueprint for blue carbon. In: Almahasheer, H., Serrano, O., Duarte, C.M., Arias-Ortiz, A., Masque, P., Irigoien, X.: Low carbon sink capacity of Red Sea mangroves. Sci. Rep. 7, 9700 (2021)
  • Smith, S.V.: Marine macrophytes as a global carbon sink. Science 211, 838–840 (1981)
  • Duarte, C.M., Cebrián, J.: The fate of marine autotrophic production. Limnol. Oceanogr. 41, 1758–1766 (1996)
  • Gattuso, J.-P., et al.: Carbon and carbonate metabolism in coastal aquatic ecosystems. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 29, 405–434 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.405
  • Duarte, C.M., Middelburg, J., Caraco, N.: Major role of marine vegetation on the oceanic carbon cycle. Biogeosciences 2, 1–8 (2005)
  • Duarte, C.M., Dennison, W.C., Orth, R.J.W., Carruthers, T.J.B.: The charisma of coastal ecosystems: addressing the imbalance. Estuar Coast 31, 233–238 (2008)
  • Canadell, J.G., Raupach, M.R.: Managing forests for climate change mitigation. Science 320, 1456–1457 (2008)
  • Carral, L., Camba Fabal, C., Lamas Galdo, M.I., Rodríguez-Guerreiro, M.J., Cartelle Barros, J.J.: Assessment of the materials employed in green artificial reefs for the Galician Estuaries in terms of circular economy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17(23), 8850 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238850
  • Carral, L., Cartelle Barros, J.J., Carro Fidalgo, H., Camba Fabal, C., Munín Doce, A.: Greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption of coastal ecosystem enhancement programme through sustainable artificial reefs in Galicia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 18, 1909 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041909
  • Carral, L., et al.: Assessment of the materials employed in green artificial reefs for the Galician Estuaries in terms of circular economy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17, 1–24 (2020)
  • Mcleod, E., Chmura, G.L., Bouillon, S., Salm, R., Björk, M., Duarte, C.M., Lovelock, C.E., Schlesinger, W.H., Silliman, B.R.: A blueprint for blue carbon: toward an improved understanding of the role of vegetated coastal habitats in sequestering CO2. Front. Ecol. Environ. 9, 552–560 (2011)
  • Nellemann, C., Corcoran, E., Duarte, C.M., Valdés, L., De Young, C., Fonseca, L., Grimsditch, G.: Blue Carbon. A rapid response assessment, pp. 5–78. United Nations Environment Programme, GRID-Arendal, Norway (2009). ISBN 978-8-2770-1060-1
  • Krause-Jensen, D., Lavery, P., Serrano, O., Marbà, N., Masque, P., Duarte, C.M.: Sequestration of macroalgal carbon: the elephant in the blue carbon room. Biol. Lett. 14, 20180236 (2018)
  • Duarte, C.M., Losada, I.J., Hendriks, I.E., Mazarrasa, I., Marbà, N.: The role of coastal plant communities for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Nat. Clim. Chang. 3, 961–968 (2013)
  • Duarte, C.M., Wu, J., Xiao, X., Bruhn, A., Krause-Jensen, D.: Can seaweed farming play a role in climate change mitigation and adaptation? Front. Mar. Sci. 4, 100 (2017)
  • Krause-Jensen, D., Duarte, C.M.: Substantial role of macroalgae in marine carbon sequestration. Nat. Geosci. 9, 737–742 (2016)
  • Hill, R., Bellgrove, A., Macreadie, P.I., Petrou, K., Beardall, J., Steven, A., Ralph, P.J.: Can macroalgae contribute to blue carbon? An Australian perspective. Limnol. Oceanogr. 60, 1689–1706 (2015)
  • Chung, I.K., Sondak, C.F.A., Beardall, J.: The future of seaweed aquaculture in a rapidly changing world. Eur. J. Phycol. 52, 495–505 (2017)
  • Moreira, D., Pires, J.C.M.: Atmospheric CO2 capture by algae: negative carbon dioxide emission path. Bioresour. Technol. 215, 371–379 (2016)
  • Filbee-Dexter, K., Wernberg, T.: Substantial blue carbon in overlooked Australian kelp forests. Sci. Rep. 10, 12341 (2020)
  • Kennedy, H., Beggins, J., Duarte, C.M., Fourqurean, J.W., Holmer, M., Marbà, N., Middelburg, J.J.: Seagrass sediments as a global carbon sink: isotopic constraints. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle 24, GB4026 (2010)
  • Thormar, J., Hasler-Sheetal, H., Baden, S., Boström, C., Clausen, K.K., Krause-Jensen, D., Olesen, B., Rasmussen, J.R., Svensson, C.J., Holmer, M.: Eelgrass (Zostera marina) food web structure in different environmental settings. PLoS ONE 11, e0146479 (2016)
  • Pickering, H.: Legal framework governing artificial reefs in the European Union. In: Jensen, A.C., et al. (eds.) Artificial reefs in European seas, pp. 469–487. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Hague (2000)
  • Revenga, S., et al.: Artificial reefs in Spain: The regulatory framework. In: Jensen, A.C., et al. (eds.) Artificial reefs in European Seas, pp. 185–194. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Hague (2000)
  • Carral Couce, L., et al.: Green artificial reef PROARR: repopulation of coastal ecosystems and waste recycler of the maritime industries. In: Proceedings of the 25th Pan-American Conference of Naval Engineering—COPINAVAL, p. 1700. Springer International Publishing (2018)