How to moderate emotional exhaustion among public healthcare professionals?

  1. M. Ángeles López-Cabarcos 1
  2. Analía López-Carballeira 1
  3. Carlos Ferro-Soto 2
  1. 1 Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
    info

    Universidade de Santiago de Compostela

    Santiago de Compostela, España

    ROR https://ror.org/030eybx10

  2. 2 Universidade de Vigo
    info

    Universidade de Vigo

    Vigo, España

    ROR https://ror.org/05rdf8595

Revista:
European Research on Management and Business Economics

ISSN: 2444-8834

Ano de publicación: 2021

Volume: 27

Número: 2

Páxinas: 1-11

Tipo: Artigo

DOI: 10.1016/J.IEDEEN.2020.100140 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR

Outras publicacións en: European Research on Management and Business Economics

Resumo

This paper analyzes the mediating role of employees’ emotional exhaustion between laissez-faire leader-ship and employees’ job attitudes (intrinsic satisfaction and turnover intention), and also the moderatingrole of influence at work, interactional justice and helping behaviors on employees’ feelings of emotionalexhaustion. Structural equation modeling and multigroup analysis were used in a sample of 511 publichealthcare professionals. The results show that emotional exhaustion partially mediates the relation-ships between laissez-faire leadership and both intrinsic satisfaction and turnover intention. Influenceat work moderates the relationship between laissez-faire leadership and emotional exhaustion; interac-tional justice moderates the relationship between emotional exhaustion and intrinsic satisfaction; andextra-role behaviors moderate the relationship between emotional exhaustion and turnover intention.To date, there are few studies analyzing the mediating role of emotional exhaustion in public healthcare,and there are no studies analyzing how its negative effects can be moderated. The conclusions may helphuman resources managers design new strategies to prevent and mitigate emotional exhaustion andcontribute healthcare employees to cope with its serious effects, encouraging a healthy environmentthat gives priority to workers’ well-being and service quality.

Referencias bibliográficas

  • Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Euwema, M. C. (2005). Job resources buffer the impactof job demands on burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10(2),170–180.
  • Aasland, M. S., Skogstad, A., Notelaers, G., Nielsen, M. B., & Einarsen, S. (2010). Theprevalence of destructive leadership behaviour. British Journal of Management,21(2), 438–452. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2009.00672.x8
  • Aiken, L. H., Sermeus, W., Van den Heede, K., Sloane, D. M., Busse, R., McKee, M., et al.(2012). Patient safety, satisfaction, and quality of hospital care: Cross sectionalsurveys of nurses and patients in 12 countries in Europe and the united states.British Medical Journal, 344, e1717. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e1717
  • Alola, U. V., Olugbade, O. A., Avci, T., & Öztüren, A. (2019). Customerincivility and employees’ outcomes in the hotel: Testing the mediatingrole of emotional exhaustion. Tourism Management Perspectives, 29, 9–17.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2018.10.004
  • Avolio, B. J., & Bass, B. M. (2004). Multifactor leadership questionnaire. Manual andsampler set (3rd ed.). Redwood City, CA: Mind Garden.
  • Bakker, A. B., Le Blanc, P. M., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2005). Burnout contagionamong intensive care nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 51(3), 276–287.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03494.x
  • Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands-resources model:State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309–328.https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115
  • Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinc-tion in social psychological research. conceptual, strategic, and statisticalconsiderations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182.https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
  • Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York, NY:Free Press.
  • Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1995). MLQ multifactor leadership questionnaire. RedwoodCity: Mind Garden.
  • Bentler, P. M. (1988). Causal modeling via structural equation systems. In J. R.Nesselroade, & R. B. Cattell (Eds.), Perspectives on individual differences. Hand-book of multivariate experimental psychology (pp. 317–335). Plenum Press.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0893-59
  • Bies, R. J., & Moag, J. S. (1986). Interactional communication criteria of fairness. In R.J. Lewicki, B. H. Sheppard, & M. H. Bazerman (Eds.), Research on negotiations inorganizations (pp. 43–55). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
  • Boudrias, V., Trepanier, S. G., Foucreault, A., Peterson, C., & Fernet, C. (2020).Investigating the role of psychological need satisfaction as a moderator inthe relationship between job demands and turnover intention among nurses.Employee Relations, 42(1), 213–231. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-10-2018-0277
  • Breevaart, K., Bakker, A. B., Hetland, J., & Hetland, H. (2014). The influence of construc-tive and destructive leadership behaviors on follower burnout. In M. P. Leiter, A.B. Bakker, & C. Maslach (Eds.), Current issues in work and organizational psychol-ogy. Burnout at work: A psychological perspective (pp. 102–121). New York, US:Psychology Press
  • Christmann, P. (2000). Effects of ̈best practices ̈of environmental management oncost advantage: The role of complementary assets. The Academy of ManagementJournal, 43(4), 663–680.
  • Cohen-Charash, Y., & Spector, P. E. (2001). The role of justice in organizations:A meta-analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 86(2),278–321. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.2001.2958
  • Colquitt, J. A. (2001). On the dimensionality of organizational justice: A constructvalidation of a measure. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 386–400.https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.86.3.386
  • Courtright, S. H., Colbert, A. E., & Choi, D. (2014). Fired up or burned out? How devel-opmental challenge differentially impacts leader behavior. The Journal of AppliedPsychology, 99(4), 681–696. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035790
  • Coyle-Shapiro, J. A. M. (2002). A psychological contract perspective on organiza-tional citizenship behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(8), 927–946.https://doi.org/10.1002/job.173
  • De Simone, S., Planta, A., & Cicotto, G. (2018). The role of job satisfaction,work engagement, self-efficacy and agentic capacities on nurses’ turnoverintention and patient satisfaction. Applied Nursing Research, 39, 130–140.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2017.11.004
  • De Witte, H., Vander Elst, T., & de Cuyper, N. (2015). Job insecurity, health and well-being. In Sustainable working lives. pp. 109–128. Springer.
  • Decker, F. H., Harris-Kojetin, L. D., & Bercovitz, A. (2009). Intrinsic job sat-isfaction, overall satisfaction, and intention to leave the job amongnursing assistants in nursing homes. Gerontologist, 49(5), 596–610.https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnp051
  • Demerouti, E., Nachreiner, F., Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The jobdemands-resources model of burnout. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3),499–512. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.86.3.499
  • Dhaini, S. R., Denhaerynck, K., Bachnick, S., Schwendimann, R., Schubert,M., De Geest, S., et al. (2018). Work schedule flexibility is associatedwith emotional exhaustion among registered nurses in swiss hospitals: Across-sectional study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 82, 99–105.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.03.019
  • Einarsen, S., Aasland, M. S., & Skogstad, A. (2007). Destructive leadership behaviour:A definition and conceptual model. The Leadership Quarterly, 18(3), 207–216.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.03.002
  • Erickson, A., Shaw, J. B., & Agabe, Z. (2007). An empirical investigation of theantecedents, behaviors, and outcomes of bad leadership. Journal of LeadershipStudies, 1(3), 26–43. https://doi.org/10.1002/jls.20023
  • Farh, J. L., Earley, P. C., & Lin, S. C. (1997). Impetus for action: A cultural analysis ofjustice and organizational citizenship behavior in Chinese society. AdministrativeScience Quarterly, 42(3), 421–444. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393733
  • Fernet, C., Guay, F., & Senecal, C. (2004). Adjusting to job demands: The role of workself-determination and job control in predicting burnout. Journal of VocationalBehavior, 65(1), 39–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8791(03)00098-8
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unob-servable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 39–50. Fors Brandebo, M., Nilsson, S., & Larsson, G. (2016). Leadership: is bad strongerthan good? Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 37(6), 690–710.https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-09-2014-0191
  • Fors Brandebo, M., Österberg, J., & Berglund, A. K. (2019). The impact of constructiveand destructive leadership on soldier’s job satisfaction. Psychological Reports,122(3), 1068–1086. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294118771542
  • Galletta, M., Portoghese, I., & Battistelli, A. (2011). Intrinsic motivation, job auton-omy and turnover intention in the Italian healthcare: The mediating roleof affective commitment. Journal of Management and Research, 3(2), 1–19.https://doi.org/10.5296/jmr.v3i2.61
  • Garde Sánchez, R., Rodríguez Bolívar, M. P., & López Hernández, A. M. (2017).Corporate and managerial characteristics as drivers of social responsibilitydisclosure by state-owned enterprises. Review of Managerial Science, 11(3),633–659. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-016-0199-7
  • Gilbert, S., Laschinger, H. K. S., & Leiter, M. P. (2010). The mediating effect ofburnout on the relationship between structural empowerment and organiza-tional citizenship behaviours. Journal of Nursing Management, 18(3), 339–348.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2010.01074.x
  • Greenberg, J. (1993). The social side of fairness: Interpersonal and informationalclasses of organizational justice. In R. Cropanzano (Ed.), Series in applied psychol-ogy. Justice in the workplace: Approaching fairness in human resource management(pp. 79–103). Hillsdale, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Guerrero, S., & Challiol-Jeanblanc, H. (2016). Idiosyncratic deals and helping behav-ior: The moderating role of I-deal opportunity for co-workers. Journal of Businessand Psychology, 31(3), 433–443. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-015-9421-x
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis:A global perspective. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson (Ed.).
  • Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., & Kuppelwieser, V. G. (2014). Par-tial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): An emergingtool in business research. European Business Review, 26(2), 106–121.https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128
  • Harman, H. H. (1967). Modem factor analysis. Chicago: University Press of Chicago.
  • Hetland, H., Sandal, G. M., & Johnsen, T. B. (2007). Burnout in the information technol-ogy sector: Does leadership matter? European Journal of Work and OrganizationalPsychology, 16(1), 58–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320601084558
  • Hobfoll, S. E., & Freedy, J. (1993). Conservation of resources: A general stress the-ory applied to burnout. In W. B. Schaufeli, C. Maslach, & T. Marek (Eds.), Seriesin applied psychology: Social issues and questions. Professional burnout: Recentdevelopments in theory and research (pp. 115–129). Philadelphia, PA, US: Taylor& Francis.
  • Hur, W. M., Park, S. I., & Moon, T. W. (2014). The moderating roles of orga-nizational justice on the relationship between emotional exhaustion andorganizational loyalty in airline services. Journal of Services Marketing, 28(3),195–206. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSM-07-2012-0118
  • Kanste, O., Kyngas, H., & Nikkila, J. (2007). The relationship between multidimen-sional leadership and burnout among nursing staff. Journal of Nursing Manage-ment, 15(7), 731–739. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2934.2006.00741.x
  • Karatepe, O. M. (2011). Do job resources moderate the effect of emotional disso-nance on burnout? A study in the city of Ankara, Turkey. International Journal ofContemporary Hospitality Management, 23(1), 44–65.
  • Kelloway, E. K., Sivanathan, N., Francis, L., & Barling, J. (2005). Poor leader-ship. In J. Julian Barling, E. K. Kelloway, & M. R. Frone (Eds.), Handbookof work stress (pp. 89–112). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412975995
  • Khatri, N., Gupta, V., & Varma, A. (2017). The relationship between HRcapabilities and quality of patient care: The mediating role of proac-tive work behaviors. Human Resource Management, 56(4), 673–691.https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21794
  • Kilroy, S., Flood, P. C., Bosak, J., & Chênevert, D. (2017). Perceptions ofhigh-involvement work practices, person-organization fit, and burnout: A time-lagged study of health care employees. Human Resource Management, 56(5),821–835. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21803
  • Knudsen, H. K., Ducharme, L. J., & Roman, P. M. (2009). Turnover intention andemotional exhaustion ̈at the top ̈: Adapting the job demands-resources modelto leaders of addiction treatment organizations. Journal of Occupational HealthPsychology, 14(1), 84–95. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013822
  • Korsgaard, M. A., & Roberson, L. (1995). Procedural justice in performanceevaluation: The role of instrumental and non-instrumental voice in per-formance appraisal discussions. Journal of Management, 21(4), 657–669.https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639502100404
  • Kowalski, C., Driller, E., Ernstmann, N., Alich, S., Karbach, U., Ommen, O., et al.(2010). Associations between emotional exhaustion, social capital, workload,and latitude in decision-making among professionals working with peo-ple with disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31(2), 470–479.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2009.10.021
  • Kristensen, T. S., Hannerz, H., Høgh, A., & Borg, V. (2005). The Copenhagen psy-chosocial questionnaire - A tool for the assessment and improvement of thepsychosocial work environment. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment &Health, 31(6), 438–449. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.948
  • Laschinger, H. K. S. (2004). Hospital nurses’ perceptions of respect and orga-nizational justice. The Journal of Nursing Administration, 34(7-8), 354–364.https://doi.org/10.1097/00005110-200407000-000099
  • Laschinger, H. K. S., Wong, C. A., & Grau, A. L. (2012). The influence of authentic lead-ership on newly graduated nurses’ experiences of workplace bullying, burnoutand retention outcomes: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of NursingStudies, 49(10), 1266–1276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.05.012
  • Liang, H. Y., Shih, H. A., & Chiang, Y. H. (2015). Team diversity and team helpingbehavior: The mediating roles of team cooperation and team cohesion. EuropeanManagement Journal, 33(1), 48–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2014.07.002
  • Locke, E. A. (1969). What is job satisfaction? Organizational Behavior and HumanPerformance, 4(4), 309–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(69)90013-0
  • Loh, M. Y., Idris, M., Dollard, M., & Isahak, M. (2018). Psychosocial safety climateas a moderator of the moderators: Contextualizing JDR models and emotionaldemands effects. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 91(3),620–644. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12211
  • López-Cabarcos, M., López-Carballeira, A., & Ferro-Soto, C. (2019). Therole of emotional exhaustion among public healthcare profession-als. Journal of Health Organization and Management, 33(6), 649–655.https://doi.org/10.1108/JHOM-04-2019-0091
  • Mah’d Alloubani, A., Almatari, M., & Almukhtar, M. M. (2014). Review: Effects ofleadership styles on quality of services in healthcare. European Scientific Journal,10(18).
  • Marino, D., & Quattrone, G. (2019). A proposal for a new index to evalu-ate hospital resource allocation: The case of Italian NHS rationalization.European Research on Management and Business Economics, 25(1), 23–29.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2018.10.001
  • Maslach, C. (2003). Job burnout: New directions in research and intervention. CurrentDirections in Psychological Science, 12(5), 189–192.
  • Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journalof Organizational Behavior, 2(2), 99–113.
  • Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1986). Maslach burnout inventory manual (2a ed). PaloAlto: CA: Consulting psychologists press.
  • Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (2016). Understanding the burnout experience:Recent research and its implications for psychiatry. World Psychiatry :Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 15(2), 103–111.https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20311
  • Mintzberg, H. (1979). The structuring of organisations: A synthesis of the research.Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall.
  • Mobley, W. H., Horner, S. O., & Hollingsworth, A. T. (1978). An evaluation of pre-cursors of hospital employee turnover. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 63(4),408–414. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.63.4.408
  • Mohamed, S. A. (2014). The relationship between organizational justice and qualityperformance among healthcare workers: A pilot study. Scientific World Journal,757425 https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/757425
  • Moncada, S., Llorens, C., Navarro, A., & Kristensen, T. (2005). ISTAS21: The Spanishversion of the Copenhagen psychosocial questionnaire (COPSOQ). ISTAS21: Ver-sión en lengua castellana del cuestionario psicosocial de Copenhague (COPSOQ)]Archivos de Prevención de Riesgos Laborales, 8, 18–29.
  • Noblet, A. J., Page, K., & LaMontagne, T. (2013). Building more supportive and inclu-sive public sector working environments: A case study from the Australiancommunity health sector. In R. J. Burke, A. J. Noblet, & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Humanresource management in the public sector (pp. 90–108). UK, Chelteman: EdwardElgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9780857937322.00014
  • O’Brien-Pallas, L., Griffin, P., Shamian, J., Buchan, J., Duffield, C., Hughes, F., et al.(2006). The impact of nurse turnover on patient, nurse, and system outcomes:A pilot study and focus for a multicenter international study. Policy, Politics &Nursing Practice, 7(3), 169–179. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527154406291936
  • Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome.Lexington, England: Lexington Books.
  • Othman, N. (2006). Do healthcare personnel promote organisational citizenshipbehaviours? International Journal of Management Studies, 13(2), 89–106.
  • Paille, P. (2013). Organizational citizenship behaviour and employee retention: Howimportant are turnover cognitions? International Journal of Human ResourceManagement, 24(4), 768–790. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2012.697477
  • Peng, Y. C., Chen, L. J., Chang, C. C., & Zhuang, W. L. (2016). Workplace bullyingand workplace deviance the mediating effect of emotional exhaustion and themoderating effect of core self-evaluations. Employee Relations, 38(5), 755–769.https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-01-2016-0014
  • Piko, B. F. (2006). Burnout, role conflict, job satisfaction and psychosocial healthamong Hungarian health care staff: A questionnaire survey. International Journalof Nursing Studies, 43(3), 311–318.
  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Commonmethod biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature andrecommended remedies. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903.https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B., & Bachrach, D. G. (2000). Organizationalcitizenship behaviors: A critical review of the theoretical and empirical litera-ture and suggestions for future research. Journal of Management, 26(3), 513–563.https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630002600306
  • Portoghese, I., Galletta, M., Burdorf, A., Cocco, P., D’aloja, E., & Campagna, M. (2017).Role stress and emotional exhaustion among health care workers. Journal ofOccupational and Environmental Medicine, 59(10), e187–e193.
  • Rahmani, M., Roels, G., & Karmarkar, U. S. (2018). Team leadership and performance:Combining the roles of direction and contribution. Management Science, 64(11),5234–5249. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017.2911
  • Salas-Vallina, A., Alegre, J., & Fernandez Guerrero, R. (2018). Happiness atwork in knowledge-intensive contexts: Opening the research agenda. Euro-pean Research on Management and Business Economics, 24(3), 149–159.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2018.05.003
  • Schaufeli, W. B., & Enzmann, D. (1998). The burnout companion to study and practice.A critical analysis. London, UK: Taylor y Francis.
  • Schyns, B., & Schilling, J. (2013). How bad are the effects of bad leaders? A meta-analysis of destructive leadership and its outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly,24(1), 138–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2012.09.001
  • Skakon, J., Nielsen, K., Borg, V., & Guzman, J. (2010). Are leaders’ well-being,behaviours and style associated with the affective well-being of their employ-ees? A systematic review of three decades of research. Work and Stress, 24(2),107–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2010.495262
  • Skogstad, A., Aasland, M. S., Nielsen, M. B., Hetland, J., Matthiesen, S. B., & Einarsen,S. (2014). The relative effects of constructive, laissez-faire, and tyrannicalleadership on subordinate job satisfaction results from two prospective andrepresentative studies. Zeitschrift Fur Psychologie-Journal of Psychology, 222(4),221–232. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000189
  • Skogstad, A., Einarsen, S., Torsheim, T., Aasland, M. S., & Hetland, H. (2007). Thedestructiveness of laissez-faire leadership behavior. Journal of OccupationalHealth Psychology, 12(1), 80–92. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.12.1.80
  • Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structuralequation models. Sociological Methodology, 13(1982), 290–312.
  • Stordeur, S., D’hoore, W., & Vandenberghe, C. (2001). Leadership,organizational stress, and emotional exhaustion among hospi-tal nursing staff. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 35(4), 533–542.https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.01885.x
  • Su ̃ner-Soler, R., Grau-Martín, A., Flichtentrei, D., Prats, M., Braga, F., Font-Mayolas, S.,et al. (2014). The consequences of burnout syndrome among healthcare profes-sionals in spain and spanish speaking latin american countries. Burnout Research,1(2), 82–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burn.2014.07.004
  • Tarcan, G. Y., Tarcan, M., & Top, M. (2016). An analysis of relationshipbetween burnout and job satisfaction among emergency health profession-als. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 28(11-12), 1339–1356.https://doi.org/10.1080/14783363.2016.1141659
  • Tarcan, M., Hikmet, N., Schooley, B., Top, M., & Tarcan, G. Y. (2017). An analysisof the relationship between burnout, socio-demographic and workplace factorsand job satisfaction among emergency department health professionals. AppliedNursing Research, 34, 40–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2017.02.011
  • Tziner, A., Rabenu, E., Radomski, R., & Belkin, A. (2015). Work stress and turnoverintentions among hospital physicians: The mediating role of burnout and worksatisfaction. Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones, 31(3),207–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpto.2015.05.001
  • Van Bogaert, P., Peremans, L., Van Heusden, D., Verspuy, M., Kureckova, V., Vande Cruys, Z., et al. (2017). Predictors of burnout, work engagement and nursereported job outcomes and quality of care: A mixed method study. BMC Nursing,16(1), 5.
  • Verdasca, A. T. (2015). Organizational changes, workplace bullying and organi-zational citizenship behaviour. International Journal on Working Conditions, 9,82–98
  • Warr, P., Cook, J., & Wall, T. (1979). Scales for the measurement of some workattitudes and aspects of psychological well-being. Journal of Occupational Psy-chology, 52(2), 129–148. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1979.tb00448.x
  • Willemse, B. M., De Jonge, J., Smit, D., Depla, M. F. I. A., & Pot, A. M.(2012). The moderating role of decision authority and coworker- andsupervisor support on the impact of job demands in nursing homes: Across-sectional study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 49(7), 822–833.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.02.003
  • Wright, B. E., & Pandey, S. K. (2010). Transformational leadership in the public sec-tor: Does structure matter? Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory,20(1), 75–89. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mup003
  • Wynen, J., & Kleizen, B. (2019). Improving dynamics or destroying human capi-tal? The nexus between excess turnover and performance. Review of ManagerialScience, 13(2), 303–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-017-0249-9
  • Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Dollard, M. F., Demerouti, E., Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T.W., et al. (2007). When do job demands particularly predict burnout? The mod-erating role of job resources. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(8), 766–786.https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710837714
  • Xerri, M. J., & Brunetto, Y. (2013). Fostering innovative behaviour: The impor-tance of employee commitment and organisational citizenship behaviour.International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(16), 3163–3177.https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2013.775033
  • Yanchus, N. J., Periard, D., & Osatuke, K. (2017). Further examination of predictorsof turnover intention among mental health professionals. Journal of Psychiatricand Mental Health Nursing, 24(1), 41–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12354
  • Zareen, M., Razzaq, K., & Mujtaba, B. G. (2015). Impact of transactional, transfor-mational and laissez-faire leadership styles on motivation: A quantitative studyof banking employees in Pakistan. Public Organization Review, 15(4), 531–549.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-014-0287-6
  • Zeffane, R., & Melhem, S. J. B. (2017). Trust, job satisfaction, perceived orga-nizational performance and turnover intention: A public-private sectorcomparison in the United Arab Emirates. Employee Relations, 39(7), 1148–1167.https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-06-2017-0135
  • Zwingmann, I., Wolf, S., & Richter, P. (2016). Every light has its shadow:A longitudinal study of transformational leadership and leaders’ emo-tional exhaustion. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 46(1), 19–33.https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.1235210
  • Byrne, B. (2009). Structural equation modeling with Amos. New York, NY: Taylor &Francis .
  • Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validationby the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56(2), 81–105.https://doi.org/10.1037/h0046016