Disinformation, social media, bots, and astroturfingthe fourth wave of digital democracy

  1. Berta García-Orosa 1
  1. 1 Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
    info

    Universidade de Santiago de Compostela

    Santiago de Compostela, España

    ROR https://ror.org/030eybx10

Revista:
El profesional de la información

ISSN: 1386-6710,  1699-2407

Año de publicación: 2021

Título del ejemplar: Democracia / Democracy

Volumen: 30

Número: 6

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.3145/EPI.2021.NOV.03 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso abierto editor

Otras publicaciones en: El profesional de la información

Resumen

El artículo reflexiona sobre la conceptualización y los principales items de la ecología de la democracia digital. Se sistematizan las cuatro grandes olas marcadas por el protagonismo de las innovaciones tecnológicas y estudiadas bajo la dicotomía control-participación. Una primera, en la década de los años 90 del siglo XX, se caracteriza por la presencia de los actores políticos en internet pero sin modificaciones destacables en la comunicación. Una segunda, entre 2004 y 2008, prima la consolidación de las redes sociales y el incremento de la mercantilización de la participación de la audiencia. A partir de la campaña electoral de Obama en 2008 con la microsegmentación y el uso de datos masivos (big data) se puede datar la tercera ola. La cuarta ola en 2016, a partir de la campaña a favor del Brexit y las acciones de Cambridge Analytica, pone en primer plano el uso de inteligencia artificial. Algunos de los fenómenos destacables en los últimos años que desafían o apoyan la configuración de la opinión pública crítica son los siguientes: a) las plataformas digitales como actores políticos; b) el uso intensivo de inteligencia artificial y big data; c) la validación de la mentira como estrategia política (entre otros fenómenos fake news y deep fakes); d) la combinación de elementos hiperlocales con los supranacionales; e) el determinismo acrítico tecnológico; f) la búsqueda de engagement con las audiencias y procesos de co-producción y g) las tendencias con riesgos para la democracia: polarización de las opiniones, astroturfing, eco chambers y filtros burbuja. Finalmente, se identifican algunos retos en investigación, docencia y la práctica política que podrían potenciar los valores democráticos. Se concluye con la necesidad de reimaginar la democracia con nuevos marcos de investigación y acciones políticas, pero también en la creación del imaginario colectivo sobre la democracia.

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Información de financiación

Este artículo se elaboró en el marco del proyecto Cibermedios nativos digitales en España: formatos narrativos y estrategia móvil (RTI2018-093346-B-C33), del Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, cofinanciado por el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (Feder)

Financiadores

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Fuente de los datos: Dialnet